Nepal forensic medicine laws inquest MBBS viva Muluki Criminal Code 2074

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/307205271/Nepalese-Legal…

Nepal Muluki Aparadh Sanhita 2074 forensic medicine inquest procedure courts law

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/legal-procedure-in-crim…

Nepal forensic medicine MBBS inquest Muluki Criminal Code courts types offences cognizable

ls /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null || echo "workspace empty or not found"

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/forensic-viva && python3 -c "from reportlab.lib…

~/forensic-viva/generate_pdf.py

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import PageBreak

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/forensic-viva/Forensic_Medicine_Nepal_Quick_Reference.pdf"

# ── Colour palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DARK_MAROON   = colors.HexColor("#7B1515")
LIGHT_MAROON  = colors.HexColor("#A93226")
GOLD          = colors.HexColor("#D4A017")
LIGHT_GOLD    = colors.HexColor("#FDF3D0")
BLUE_GREY     = colors.HexColor("#2E4057")
LIGHT_BLUE    = colors.HexColor("#EBF2FA")
TEAL          = colors.HexColor("#117A65")
LIGHT_TEAL    = colors.HexColor("#D5F5E3")
ORANGE        = colors.HexColor("#CA6F1E")
LIGHT_ORANGE  = colors.HexColor("#FDEBD0")
WHITE         = colors.white
GREY_BG       = colors.HexColor("#F4F6F7")
DARK_GREY     = colors.HexColor("#2C3E50")
MID_GREY      = colors.HexColor("#7F8C8D")

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    rightMargin=1.8*cm, leftMargin=1.8*cm,
    topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm,
    title="Forensic Medicine – Nepal Quick Reference",
    author="KS Narayan Reddy 36th Ed."
)

styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
W = A4[0] - 3.6*cm   # usable width

# ── Custom paragraph styles ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
def S(name, **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, **kw)

cover_title  = S("CoverTitle",  fontSize=26, leading=32, textColor=WHITE,
                  alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Bold")
cover_sub    = S("CoverSub",    fontSize=13, leading=18, textColor=LIGHT_GOLD,
                  alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique")
cover_note   = S("CoverNote",   fontSize=9,  leading=13, textColor=WHITE,
                  alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName="Helvetica")

sec_head     = S("SecHead",     fontSize=13, leading=17, textColor=WHITE,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_LEFT,
                  leftIndent=6, spaceAfter=2)
sub_head     = S("SubHead",     fontSize=10.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_MAROON,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=2)
def_label    = S("DefLabel",    fontSize=10, leading=14, textColor=BLUE_GREY,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Bold")
body         = S("Body",        fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_GREY,
                  fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_JUSTIFY, spaceAfter=3)
body_bold    = S("BodyBold",    fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_GREY,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Bold")
tip_style    = S("Tip",         fontSize=9,  leading=13, textColor=TEAL,
                  fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", leftIndent=6)
bullet_style = S("Bullet",      fontSize=9.5, leading=14, textColor=DARK_GREY,
                  fontName="Helvetica", leftIndent=14, bulletIndent=4,
                  spaceAfter=2)
small_grey   = S("SmallGrey",   fontSize=8,  leading=11, textColor=MID_GREY,
                  fontName="Helvetica", alignment=TA_CENTER)

# ── Helper builders ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def section_banner(text, bg=DARK_MAROON):
    tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, sec_head)]], colWidths=[W])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [bg]),
        ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 6),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("ROUNDEDCORNERS", [4]),
    ]))
    return tbl

def def_box(label, definition, bg=LIGHT_BLUE):
    rows = [
        [Paragraph(label, def_label)],
        [Paragraph(definition, body)],
    ]
    tbl = Table(rows, colWidths=[W - 0.4*cm])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (0,0),  5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,1), (0,1),  6),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("LINEBELOW",     (0,0), (-1,0), 0.5, BLUE_GREY),
        ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",[4]),
    ]))
    return tbl

def two_col_table(headers, rows, col_widths=None, header_bg=BLUE_GREY):
    if col_widths is None:
        col_widths = [W * 0.35, W * 0.65]
    data = [[Paragraph(f"<b>{h}</b>", S("TH", fontSize=9, leading=12,
              textColor=WHITE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold")) for h in headers]]
    for r in rows:
        data.append([Paragraph(str(c), S("TD", fontSize=9, leading=13,
                      textColor=DARK_GREY, fontName="Helvetica",
                      alignment=TA_LEFT)) for c in r])
    tbl = Table(data, colWidths=col_widths)
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0),  header_bg),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1), (-1,-1), [WHITE, GREY_BG]),
        ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, colors.HexColor("#BDC3C7")),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 7),
        ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",[4]),
    ]))
    return tbl

def callout(text, bg=LIGHT_GOLD, border=GOLD):
    tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, S("CO", fontSize=9.2, leading=13,
                  textColor=DARK_GREY, fontName="Helvetica",
                  alignment=TA_JUSTIFY))]], colWidths=[W - 0.4*cm])
    tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,-1), bg),
        ("LINEAFTER",     (0,0), (0,-1), 3, border),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    return tbl

def sp(h=4): return Spacer(1, h*mm)

# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
#  BUILD STORY
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
story = []

# ── COVER PAGE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
cover_bg = Table(
    [[Paragraph("FORENSIC MEDICINE", cover_title)],
     [sp(2)],
     [Paragraph("Quick Reference – Viva Preparation", cover_sub)],
     [sp(3)],
     [Paragraph("Introduction · Definitions · Nepal Laws · Courts · Inquest", cover_sub)],
     [sp(6)],
     [Paragraph("Based on: KS Narayan Reddy – Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026)", cover_note)],
     [Paragraph("Nepal Legal Framework – Muluki Aparadh Sanhita 2074 BS", cover_note)],
     [sp(2)],
     [Paragraph("Prepared for MBBS Viva – Nepal  |  July 2026", cover_note)],
    ],
    colWidths=[W + 0.4*cm]
)
cover_bg.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), DARK_MAROON),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
    ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
    ("ROUNDEDCORNERS",[8]),
]))

story.append(sp(10))
story.append(cover_bg)
story.append(sp(8))
story.append(Paragraph("★  All India-specific laws (IPC, CrPC, BNS, BNSS, BSA) have been removed. Nepal laws only.  ★",
    S("Disc", fontSize=8.5, leading=12, textColor=LIGHT_MAROON,
      fontName="Helvetica-Bold", alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 1 – CORE DEFINITIONS
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 1 — CORE DEFINITIONS"))
story.append(sp(3))

defs = [
    ("Forensic Medicine  (= Legal Medicine)",
     '"Forensic" = Latin <i>forum</i> = courts of law.\n'
     'Forensic medicine deals with the <b>application of medical and paramedical knowledge '
     'to aid in the administration of justice.</b> It is used by legal authorities to solve legal problems.\n'
     '<b>Examples:</b> Injuries, murder, suicide, accidents, sexual offences, poisoning.\n'
     '<b>In short: Medical aspects of LAW.</b>'),
    ("Clinical Forensic Medicine",
     'Deals with the <b>medicolegal aspects of examination of living human beings</b> caused by or '
     'associated with all types of violence and other cases where legal problems are involved.'),
    ("Forensic Pathology",
     'Deals with the <b>study and application of the effects of violence or unnatural disease</b> in or on '
     'the human body; determining the <b>cause and manner of death</b> in cases of violence, suspicious, '
     'unexplained, unexpected, sudden, and medically unattended deaths.'),
    ("State Medicine  (= Public Health)",
     'Deals with the <b>legal aspects of the practice of medicine</b>, regulating professional activities '
     'of medical practitioners, standard and uniformity of medical education, and health requirements '
     'of the community and environmental health.'),
    ("Medical Jurisprudence",
     '"Juris" = law; "Prudentia" = knowledge.\n'
     'Deals with the <b>legal responsibilities of the physician</b>, particularly those arising from the '
     'physician–patient relationship — medical negligence, consent, rights and duties of doctors, '
     'professional misconduct, medical ethics, etc.\n'
     '<b>In short: Legal aspects of the PRACTICE of medicine.</b>'),
    ("Medical Ethics",
     'Deals with the <b>moral principles which guide members of the medical profession</b> in their '
     'dealings with each other, their patients, and the State.'),
]

for label, definition in defs:
    story.append(def_box(label, definition))
    story.append(sp(3))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(callout(
    "<b>Quick Memory Tip:</b>  Forensic Medicine = Medical aspects of LAW.  "
    "Medical Jurisprudence = Legal aspects of MEDICINE.  These two are the most common viva starters!"
))
story.append(sp(4))

# Comparison table
story.append(Paragraph("Comparison at a Glance", sub_head))
story.append(sp(2))
story.append(two_col_table(
    ["Term", "Simple Meaning"],
    [
        ["Forensic Medicine", "Medical knowledge used to help courts / law"],
        ["Medical Jurisprudence", "Legal rules governing doctors"],
        ["Forensic Pathology", "Study of death due to violence / unnatural causes"],
        ["Clinical Forensic Medicine", "Medicolegal examination of living persons"],
        ["State Medicine", "Legal regulation of medical profession & public health"],
        ["Medical Ethics", "Moral duties of doctors"],
    ],
    col_widths=[W*0.38, W*0.62]
))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 2 – PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ETHICS
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 2 — PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ETHICS", bg=BLUE_GREY))
story.append(sp(3))

ethics = [
    ("1. Autonomy", LIGHT_BLUE,
     "The patient has the <b>right to make decisions</b> about their own treatment. "
     "The doctor must respect the patient's informed decision, even if it seems unwise."),
    ("2. Beneficence", LIGHT_TEAL,
     "The doctor must act in the <b>best interest of the patient</b> — <i>\"do good.\"</i>"),
    ("3. Non-maleficence", LIGHT_ORANGE,
     "The doctor must <b>\"do no harm\"</b> (<i>Primum non nocere</i>). "
     "Avoid causing harm to the patient."),
    ("4. Justice", LIGHT_GOLD,
     "Fair and <b>equal treatment for all patients.</b> Resources and treatment should be distributed fairly."),
]

for label, bg, text in ethics:
    story.append(def_box(label, text, bg=bg))
    story.append(sp(3))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(callout(
    "<b>Memory Aid (4 principles):</b>  <b>A</b>utonomy — <b>B</b>eneficence — "
    "<b>N</b>on-maleficence — <b>J</b>ustice  →  <b>\"A BNJ\"</b>"
))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 3 – NEPAL LAWS
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 3 — IMPORTANT LAWS IN NEPAL", bg=TEAL))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(callout(
    "<b>Note:</b> Nepal replaced the old <b>Muluki Ain (1963)</b> with three new modern codes in "
    "<b>2017 (2074 BS)</b>. Your professor may ask about either the old or new codes — know both!",
    bg=LIGHT_TEAL, border=TEAL
))
story.append(sp(4))

story.append(two_col_table(
    ["Nepal Law (New 2074 BS)", "What It Covers"],
    [
        ["Muluki Aparadh Sanhita\n(National Penal Code Act, 2017 / 2074 BS)",
         "Defines offences and prescribes punishments — substantive criminal law of Nepal."],
        ["National Criminal Procedure Code Act, 2017 (2074 BS)",
         "Procedure for investigation, arrest, and trial of criminal cases; police duties."],
        ["National Civil Code Act, 2017 (2074 BS)",
         "Governs civil matters — marriage, property, contracts, inheritance, adoptions."],
        ["Evidence Act (Sakshya Ain)",
         "Rules regarding collection, preservation, and use of evidence in courts."],
    ],
    col_widths=[W*0.42, W*0.58], header_bg=TEAL
))

story.append(sp(5))
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 4 — TYPES OF CASES IN NEPAL", bg=BLUE_GREY))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(Paragraph(
    "As per the <b>Muluki Ain (Section 9)</b>, cases are divided into two groups:", body))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(two_col_table(
    ["Type", "Details"],
    [
        ["Civil Cases",
         "Disputes between two private parties.\nExamples: Transactions, donations, inheritance, adoptions, trust, land disputes.\nStandard of proof: Preponderance of evidence.\nParty bringing the case = Plaintiff; Other party = Defendant."],
        ["Criminal Cases",
         "Offences against public interest — the State is a party.\nExamples: Murder, rape, arson, illegal marriage, kidnapping.\nStandard of proof: Beyond reasonable doubt.\nState represented by government attorneys / public prosecutors."],
    ],
    col_widths=[W*0.25, W*0.75], header_bg=BLUE_GREY
))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 5 – TYPES OF OFFENCES
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 5 — TYPES OF OFFENCES IN NEPAL", bg=ORANGE))
story.append(sp(3))

offences = [
    ("Cognizable Offence", LIGHT_ORANGE,
     "Police can <b>arrest a person WITHOUT a warrant</b> from the Magistrate.\n"
     "In rape and other cognizable offences: Sub-inspector sends individual to medical officer "
     "for examination with recorded statement.\nIn assault: injured person may go directly to "
     "medical officer with police permission.\n<b>Examples: Murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping.</b>"),
    ("Non-Cognizable Offence", LIGHT_BLUE,
     "Police <b>CANNOT arrest without a warrant</b> — must obtain Magistrate's permission first.\n"
     "<b>Examples: Cheating, defamation, simple assault.</b>"),
    ("Bailable Offence", LIGHT_TEAL,
     "Accused has a <b>right to get bail</b> as a matter of right."),
    ("Non-Bailable Offence", LIGHT_GOLD,
     "Bail is NOT a right — granted <b>only at the court's discretion.</b>\n"
     "<b>Example: Murder.</b>"),
    ("Compoundable Offence", LIGHT_ORANGE,
     "The victim and accused can <b>compromise / settle</b> the case out of court."),
    ("Non-Compoundable Offence", LIGHT_BLUE,
     "The case <b>cannot be settled</b> between parties — the State must prosecute."),
]

for label, bg, text in offences:
    story.append(def_box(label, text, bg=bg))
    story.append(sp(3))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 6 – INQUEST (Nepal)
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 6 — INQUEST IN NEPAL", bg=DARK_MAROON))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(def_box("Definition of Inquest",
    "An inquest is a <b>legal inquiry into the circumstances and cause of death</b> in cases of "
    "sudden, suspicious, and unnatural death. In Nepal, a police inquest is done for <b>all unnatural "
    "deaths,</b> after which the body is sent to the nearest government hospital for medico-legal autopsy.",
    bg=LIGHT_BLUE))
story.append(sp(4))

story.append(Paragraph("Nepal follows THREE types of inquest:", sub_head))
story.append(sp(3))

inquest_types = [
    ("1. Police Inquest", LIGHT_BLUE,
     "Conducted by an officer of the rank of <b>Sub-Inspector of Police</b> (not below this rank).\n"
     "Done for ALL unnatural deaths.\nAfter inquest, the body is sent to the nearest government "
     "hospital for medico-legal autopsy.\n"
     "<b>The police officer documents:</b>\n"
     "• Identity of the deceased\n• Place, date, and time of death\n"
     "• Apparent cause of death\n• List of injuries on the body\n• Circumstances of death"),
    ("2. Magistrate Inquest", LIGHT_TEAL,
     "Conducted by a <b>Magistrate</b> in serious or suspicious cases.\n"
     "Done when police inquest is insufficient, or in cases of high-profile deaths, "
     "custodial deaths, or deaths due to police action.\n"
     "The Magistrate has power to <b>order a post-mortem examination.</b>"),
    ("3. Coroner's Inquest", LIGHT_ORANGE,
     "Conducted by a <b>Coroner</b> (a judicial/quasi-judicial officer).\n"
     "The coroner is assisted by the <b>deputy coroner.</b>\n"
     "<b>The Coroner's Court is only a court of INQUIRY — NOT a trial court.</b>\n"
     "It determines the cause of death but <b>cannot convict anyone.</b>"),
]

for label, bg, text in inquest_types:
    story.append(def_box(label, text, bg=bg))
    story.append(sp(3))

story.append(sp(2))
story.append(callout(
    "<b>Important:</b>  When the inquest report and post-mortem report differ — "
    "the <b>post-mortem report ALWAYS prevails.</b>  "
    "The injuries in the inquest report cannot override the details of the post-mortem report.",
    bg=LIGHT_GOLD, border=GOLD
))

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 7 – COURTS IN NEPAL
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 7 — COURTS OF LAW IN NEPAL", bg=BLUE_GREY))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(two_col_table(
    ["Court", "Role / Details"],
    [
        ["Supreme Court", "Highest court of Nepal — final appellate authority."],
        ["High Court", "One in each Province (Nepal has 7 provinces = 7 High Courts)."],
        ["District Court", "Trial court at district level — hears most criminal and civil cases."],
        ["Tribunal Courts", "Special courts for specific matters (Revenue, Administrative, Labour, etc.)."],
    ],
    col_widths=[W*0.32, W*0.68], header_bg=BLUE_GREY
))

story.append(sp(5))
story.append(Paragraph("Penal Powers of Courts in Nepal", sub_head))
story.append(sp(2))

punishments = [
    "1.  Imprisonment for life",
    "2.  Rigorous imprisonment (with hard labour)",
    "3.  Simple imprisonment",
    "4.  Forfeiture of property",
    "5.  Fine",
]
pun_data = [[Paragraph(p, body)] for p in punishments]
pun_tbl = Table(pun_data, colWidths=[W - 0.4*cm])
pun_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [LIGHT_BLUE, WHITE]),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 14),
    ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#BDC3C7")),
]))
story.append(pun_tbl)

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 8 – EVIDENCE & SUMMONS
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 8 — EVIDENCE & SUMMONS", bg=TEAL))
story.append(sp(3))

story.append(def_box("Summons / Subpoena",
    "A <b>Summons (Subpoena)</b> is a document compelling the attendance of a witness in court.\n"
    "• Written, in <b>duplicate</b>\n"
    "• <b>Signed by the presiding officer</b> of the court\n"
    "• Bears the <b>seal of the court</b>\n"
    "• A doctor can be called as an <b>expert witness</b> by summons.",
    bg=LIGHT_TEAL))
story.append(sp(4))

story.append(Paragraph("Types of Evidence in Nepal Courts", sub_head))
story.append(sp(2))

story.append(two_col_table(
    ["Type of Evidence", "Description"],
    [
        ["Oral Evidence", "Testimony given verbally by a witness in court."],
        ["Documentary Evidence", "Written records, certificates, medical reports."],
        ["Expert Evidence", "Opinion of a qualified expert (doctor as expert witness)."],
        ["Dying Declaration", "Statement made by a person who believes they are about to die."],
    ],
    col_widths=[W*0.32, W*0.68], header_bg=TEAL
))

story.append(sp(5))

# Role of Doctor
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 9 — ROLE OF DOCTOR IN NEPAL LEGAL SYSTEM", bg=DARK_MAROON))
story.append(sp(3))

roles = [
    "In <b>rape and cognizable offences</b>: Sub-Inspector sends victim/accused to medical officer with recorded statement.",
    "In <b>assault cases</b>: injured person may come directly to medical officer with police permission.",
    "Appears as an <b>expert witness</b> in court.",
    "Performs <b>medico-legal autopsy</b> in unnatural deaths after police inquest.",
    "Prepares <b>injury certificates, post-mortem reports,</b> and other medico-legal documents.",
]
role_data = [[Paragraph(f"✦  {r}", body)] for r in roles]
role_tbl = Table(role_data, colWidths=[W - 0.4*cm])
role_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ("ROWBACKGROUNDS", (0,0), (-1,-1), [LIGHT_BLUE, WHITE]),
    ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
    ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
    ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, colors.HexColor("#BDC3C7")),
]))
story.append(role_tbl)

story.append(PageBreak())

# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#  SECTION 10 – QUICK VIVA Q&A
# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(section_banner("SECTION 10 — QUICK VIVA Q&A (Nepal)", bg=BLUE_GREY))
story.append(sp(3))

qas = [
    ("Q: Define Forensic Medicine.",
     "Application of medical and paramedical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice."),
    ("Q: Difference between Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence?",
     "FM = medical aspects of LAW.   MJ = legal aspects of MEDICINE."),
    ("Q: What is an inquest?",
     "A legal inquiry into the circumstances and cause of death in cases of sudden, suspicious, and unnatural death."),
    ("Q: How many types of inquest in Nepal?",
     "Three — Police inquest, Magistrate inquest, Coroner's inquest."),
    ("Q: Who conducts police inquest in Nepal?",
     "Sub-Inspector of Police (not below this rank)."),
    ("Q: What is the Coroner's Court?",
     "A court of INQUIRY only — not a trial court. Determines cause of death but cannot convict anyone."),
    ("Q: If the inquest report and post-mortem report differ, which prevails?",
     "The post-mortem report always prevails."),
    ("Q: Name the new Nepali criminal code (2074 BS).",
     "Muluki Aparadh Sanhita (National Penal Code Act, 2017/2074 BS)."),
    ("Q: What replaced the old Muluki Ain?",
     "National Penal Code 2074, National Criminal Procedure Code 2074, and National Civil Code 2074."),
    ("Q: What is a cognizable offence?",
     "Police can arrest WITHOUT a warrant from the Magistrate. Examples: murder, rape."),
    ("Q: What is the standard of proof in criminal cases?",
     "Beyond reasonable doubt."),
    ("Q: What is the standard of proof in civil cases?",
     "Preponderance of evidence."),
    ("Q: Name the 4 principles of medical ethics.",
     "Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice."),
    ("Q: What is a summons?",
     "A document compelling the attendance of a witness in court — written, duplicate, signed by presiding officer, bears court seal."),
    ("Q: What does forensic pathology deal with?",
     "Study and application of effects of violence or unnatural disease to determine cause and manner of death."),
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  <!-- ══ COVER ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
  <div class="cover">
    <div style="font-size:0.8em;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;opacity:0.7;margin-bottom:6px;">MBBS Viva Preparation</div>
    <h1>Forensic Medicine</h1>
    <div class="subtitle">Quick Reference — Introduction & Key Definitions</div>
    <div class="subtitle" style="margin-top:-10px;">Nepal Laws · Courts · Inquest · Ethics</div>
    <div class="meta" style="margin-top:16px;">
      Based on: <strong>KS Narayan Reddy — Essentials of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026)</strong><br/>
      Nepal Legal Framework: Muluki Aparadh Sanhita 2074 BS
    </div>
    <div class="badge">&#9733; Nepal Laws Only — No India-specific content &#9733;</div>
    <div class="meta" style="margin-top:14px;font-size:0.78em;">Prepared for MBBS Viva · July 2026</div>
  </div>

  <div class="content">

    <!-- ══ SECTION 1: CORE DEFINITIONS ══════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-maroon">Section 1 — Core Definitions</div>

    <div class="def-box bg-blue no-break">
      <div class="def-label blue">Forensic Medicine &nbsp;(= Legal Medicine)</div>
      <p><em>"Forensic"</em> = Latin <em>forum</em> = courts of law.<br/>
      Forensic medicine deals with the <strong>application of medical and paramedical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice.</strong> It is used by legal authorities to solve legal problems.<br/>
      <strong>Examples:</strong> Injuries, murder, suicide, accidents, sexual offences, poisoning.<br/>
      <strong>In short: Medical aspects of LAW.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-teal no-break">
      <div class="def-label teal">Clinical Forensic Medicine</div>
      <p>Deals with the <strong>medicolegal aspects of examination of living human beings</strong> caused by or associated with all types of violence and other cases where legal problems are involved.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-orange no-break">
      <div class="def-label orange">Forensic Pathology</div>
      <p>Deals with the <strong>study and application of the effects of violence or unnatural disease</strong> in or on the human body; determining the <strong>cause and manner of death</strong> in cases of violence, suspicious, unexplained, unexpected, sudden, and medically unattended deaths.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-blue no-break">
      <div class="def-label blue">State Medicine &nbsp;(= Public Health)</div>
      <p>Deals with the <strong>legal aspects of the practice of medicine</strong>, regulating professional activities of medical practitioners, standard and uniformity of medical education, and health requirements of the community and environmental health.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-gold no-break">
      <div class="def-label maroon">Medical Jurisprudence</div>
      <p><em>"Juris"</em> = law; <em>"Prudentia"</em> = knowledge.<br/>
      Deals with the <strong>legal responsibilities of the physician</strong>, particularly those arising from the physician–patient relationship — medical negligence, consent, rights and duties of doctors, professional misconduct, medical ethics, etc.<br/>
      <strong>In short: Legal aspects of the PRACTICE of medicine.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-pink no-break">
      <div class="def-label maroon">Medical Ethics</div>
      <p>Deals with the <strong>moral principles which guide members of the medical profession</strong> in their dealings with each other, their patients, and the State.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="callout">
      <strong>&#128161; Quick Memory Tip:</strong> Forensic Medicine = <em>Medical</em> aspects of <strong>LAW</strong>.&nbsp;&nbsp;
      Medical Jurisprudence = <em>Legal</em> aspects of <strong>MEDICINE</strong>.&nbsp;&nbsp;
      These two are the most common viva starters!
    </div>

    <table class="th-maroon">
      <thead><tr><th>Term</th><th>Simple Meaning</th></tr></thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr><td><strong>Forensic Medicine</strong></td><td>Medical knowledge used to help courts / law</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Medical Jurisprudence</strong></td><td>Legal rules governing doctors</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Forensic Pathology</strong></td><td>Study of death due to violence / unnatural causes</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Clinical Forensic Medicine</strong></td><td>Medicolegal examination of living persons</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>State Medicine</strong></td><td>Legal regulation of medical profession &amp; public health</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Medical Ethics</strong></td><td>Moral duties of doctors</td></tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 2: MEDICAL ETHICS ═══════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-blue">Section 2 — Principles of Medical Ethics</div>

    <div class="ethics-grid">
      <div class="ethics-card bg-blue no-break">
        <div class="num">1</div>
        <div class="name" style="color:#2E4057;">Autonomy</div>
        <p>The patient has the <strong>right to make decisions</strong> about their own treatment. The doctor must respect the patient's informed decision, even if it seems unwise.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="ethics-card bg-teal no-break">
        <div class="num">2</div>
        <div class="name" style="color:#117A65;">Beneficence</div>
        <p>The doctor must act in the <strong>best interest of the patient</strong> — <em>"do good."</em></p>
      </div>
      <div class="ethics-card bg-orange no-break">
        <div class="num">3</div>
        <div class="name" style="color:#CA6F1E;">Non-maleficence</div>
        <p>The doctor must <strong>"do no harm"</strong> (<em>Primum non nocere</em>). Avoid causing harm to the patient.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="ethics-card bg-gold no-break">
        <div class="num">4</div>
        <div class="name" style="color:#7B1515;">Justice</div>
        <p>Fair and <strong>equal treatment for all patients.</strong> Resources and treatment distributed fairly.</p>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="callout">
      <strong>Memory Aid:</strong> &nbsp;<strong>A</strong>utonomy — <strong>B</strong>eneficence — <strong>N</strong>on-maleficence — <strong>J</strong>ustice &nbsp;→&nbsp; <strong>"A BNJ"</strong>
    </div>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 3: NEPAL LAWS ══════════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-teal">Section 3 — Important Laws in Nepal</div>

    <div class="callout teal">
      <strong>Note:</strong> Nepal replaced the old <strong>Muluki Ain (1963)</strong> with three new modern codes in <strong>2017 (2074 BS)</strong>. Your professor may ask about either the old or new codes — know both!
    </div>

    <table class="th-teal">
      <thead><tr><th style="width:42%">Nepal Law (2074 BS)</th><th>What It Covers</th></tr></thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>Muluki Aparadh Sanhita</strong><br/><em>(National Penal Code Act, 2017)</em></td>
          <td>Defines offences and prescribes punishments — substantive criminal law of Nepal.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>National Criminal Procedure Code Act, 2017</strong></td>
          <td>Procedure for investigation, arrest, and trial of criminal cases; police duties.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>National Civil Code Act, 2017</strong></td>
          <td>Governs civil matters — marriage, property, contracts, inheritance, adoptions.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>Evidence Act (Sakshya Ain)</strong></td>
          <td>Rules regarding collection, preservation, and use of evidence in courts.</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 4: TYPES OF CASES ════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-blue">Section 4 — Types of Cases in Nepal</div>

    <p style="margin-bottom:10px;font-size:0.93em;">As per the <strong>Muluki Ain (Section 9)</strong>, cases are divided into two groups:</p>

    <table class="th-blue">
      <thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>Civil Cases</strong></td>
          <td>Disputes between two private parties.<br/>
          <strong>Examples:</strong> Transactions, donations, inheritance, adoptions, trust, land disputes.<br/>
          <strong>Standard of proof:</strong> Preponderance of evidence.<br/>
          Party bringing the case = <strong>Plaintiff</strong>; Other party = <strong>Defendant</strong>.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><strong>Criminal Cases</strong></td>
          <td>Offences against public interest — the State is a party.<br/>
          <strong>Examples:</strong> Murder, rape, arson, illegal marriage, kidnapping.<br/>
          <strong>Standard of proof:</strong> Beyond reasonable doubt.<br/>
          State represented by <strong>government attorneys / public prosecutors</strong>.</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 5: TYPES OF OFFENCES ════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-orange">Section 5 — Types of Offences in Nepal</div>

    <div class="def-box bg-orange no-break">
      <div class="def-label orange">Cognizable Offence</div>
      <p>Police can <strong>arrest a person WITHOUT a warrant</strong> from the Magistrate.<br/>
      In rape and other cognizable offences: Sub-inspector sends individual to the medical officer for examination along with recorded statement.<br/>
      In assault: injured person may go directly to medical officer with police permission.<br/>
      <strong>Examples: Murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-blue no-break">
      <div class="def-label blue">Non-Cognizable Offence</div>
      <p>Police <strong>CANNOT arrest without a warrant</strong> — must obtain Magistrate's permission first.<br/>
      <strong>Examples: Cheating, defamation, simple assault.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-teal no-break">
      <div class="def-label teal">Bailable Offence</div>
      <p>Accused has a <strong>right to get bail</strong> as a matter of right.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-gold no-break">
      <div class="def-label maroon">Non-Bailable Offence</div>
      <p>Bail is NOT a right — granted <strong>only at the court's discretion.</strong><br/>
      <strong>Example: Murder.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-orange no-break">
      <div class="def-label orange">Compoundable Offence</div>
      <p>The victim and accused can <strong>compromise / settle</strong> the case out of court.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-pink no-break">
      <div class="def-label maroon">Non-Compoundable Offence</div>
      <p>The case <strong>cannot be settled</strong> between parties — the State must prosecute.</p>
    </div>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 6: INQUEST ════════════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-maroon">Section 6 — Inquest in Nepal</div>

    <div class="def-box bg-blue no-break">
      <div class="def-label blue">Definition of Inquest</div>
      <p>An inquest is a <strong>legal inquiry into the circumstances and cause of death</strong> in cases of sudden, suspicious, and unnatural death. In Nepal, a police inquest is done for <strong>all unnatural deaths,</strong> after which the body is sent to the nearest government hospital for medico-legal autopsy.</p>
    </div>

    <p style="font-weight:700;margin:14px 0 10px;color:#7B1515;font-size:0.97em;">&#9654; Nepal follows THREE types of inquest:</p>

    <div class="def-box bg-blue no-break">
      <div class="def-label blue">1. Police Inquest</div>
      <p>Conducted by an officer of the rank of <strong>Sub-Inspector of Police</strong> (not below this rank).<br/>
      Done for <strong>ALL unnatural deaths.</strong><br/>
      After inquest, the body is sent to the nearest government hospital for <strong>medico-legal autopsy.</strong><br/><br/>
      <strong>The police officer documents:</strong><br/>
      &bull; Identity of the deceased &nbsp;&bull; Place, date, and time of death<br/>
      &bull; Apparent cause of death &nbsp;&bull; List of injuries on the body<br/>
      &bull; Circumstances of death</p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-teal no-break">
      <div class="def-label teal">2. Magistrate Inquest</div>
      <p>Conducted by a <strong>Magistrate</strong> in serious or suspicious cases.<br/>
      Done when police inquest is insufficient, or in cases of high-profile deaths, custodial deaths, or deaths due to police action.<br/>
      The Magistrate has power to <strong>order a post-mortem examination.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="def-box bg-orange no-break">
      <div class="def-label orange">3. Coroner's Inquest</div>
      <p>Conducted by a <strong>Coroner</strong> (a judicial/quasi-judicial officer).<br/>
      The coroner is assisted by the <strong>deputy coroner.</strong><br/>
      <strong>The Coroner's Court is only a court of INQUIRY — NOT a trial court.</strong><br/>
      It determines the cause of death but <strong>cannot convict anyone.</strong></p>
    </div>

    <div class="callout" style="background:#FDEDEC;border-color:#A93226;">
      <strong>&#9888; Important:</strong> When the inquest report and post-mortem report differ —
      the <strong>post-mortem report ALWAYS prevails.</strong>
      The injuries in the inquest report cannot override the details of the post-mortem report.
    </div>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 7: COURTS ══════════════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-blue">Section 7 — Courts of Law in Nepal</div>

    <table class="th-blue">
      <thead><tr><th style="width:32%">Court</th><th>Role / Details</th></tr></thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr><td><strong>Supreme Court</strong></td><td>Highest court of Nepal — final appellate authority.</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>High Court</strong></td><td>One in each Province (Nepal has 7 provinces = 7 High Courts).</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>District Court</strong></td><td>Trial court at district level — hears most criminal and civil cases.</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Tribunal Courts</strong></td><td>Special courts for specific matters (Revenue, Administrative, Labour, etc.).</td></tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <p style="font-weight:700;margin:10px 0 8px;color:#2E4057;">Penal Powers of Courts in Nepal:</p>
    <table class="th-blue" style="max-width:480px;">
      <tbody>
        <tr><td>1. Imprisonment for life</td></tr>
        <tr><td>2. Rigorous imprisonment (with hard labour)</td></tr>
        <tr><td>3. Simple imprisonment</td></tr>
        <tr><td>4. Forfeiture of property</td></tr>
        <tr><td>5. Fine</td></tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 8: EVIDENCE & SUMMONS ════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-teal">Section 8 — Evidence &amp; Summons</div>

    <div class="def-box bg-teal no-break">
      <div class="def-label teal">Summons / Subpoena</div>
      <p>A <strong>Summons (Subpoena)</strong> is a document compelling the attendance of a witness in court.<br/>
      &bull; Written, in <strong>duplicate</strong><br/>
      &bull; <strong>Signed by the presiding officer</strong> of the court<br/>
      &bull; Bears the <strong>seal of the court</strong><br/>
      &bull; A doctor can be called as an <strong>expert witness</strong> by summons.</p>
    </div>

    <table class="th-teal">
      <thead><tr><th style="width:30%">Type of Evidence</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr><td><strong>Oral Evidence</strong></td><td>Testimony given verbally by a witness in court.</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Documentary Evidence</strong></td><td>Written records, certificates, medical reports.</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Expert Evidence</strong></td><td>Opinion of a qualified expert (doctor as expert witness).</td></tr>
        <tr><td><strong>Dying Declaration</strong></td><td>Statement made by a person who believes they are about to die.</td></tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

    <!-- ══ SECTION 9: ROLE OF DOCTOR ════════════════════════════════ -->
    <div class="section-banner banner-maroon">Section 9 — Role of Doctor in Nepal Legal System</div>

    <table class="th-maroon">
      <tbody>
        <tr><td>&#9654; In <strong>rape and cognizable offences</strong>: Sub-Inspector sends victim/accused to medical officer with recorded statement.</td></tr>
        <tr><td>&#9654; In <strong>assault cases</strong>: injured person may come directly to medical officer with police permission.</td></tr>
        <tr><td>&#9654; Appears as an <strong>expert witness</strong> in court.</td></tr>
        <tr><td>&#9654; Performs <strong>medico-legal autopsy</strong> in unnatural deaths after police inquest.</td></tr>
        <tr><td>&#9654; Prepares <strong>injury certificates, post-mortem reports,</strong> and other medico-legal documents.</td></tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

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    <div class="section-banner banner-blue">Section 10 — Quick Viva Q&amp;A (Nepal)</div>

    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Define Forensic Medicine.</div><div class="qa-a">Application of medical and paramedical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Difference between Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence?</div><div class="qa-a">FM = medical aspects of LAW.&nbsp; MJ = legal aspects of MEDICINE.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What is an inquest?</div><div class="qa-a">A legal inquiry into the circumstances and cause of death in cases of sudden, suspicious, and unnatural death.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: How many types of inquest in Nepal?</div><div class="qa-a">Three — Police inquest, Magistrate inquest, Coroner's inquest.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Who conducts police inquest in Nepal?</div><div class="qa-a">Sub-Inspector of Police (not below this rank).</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What is the Coroner's Court?</div><div class="qa-a">A court of INQUIRY only — not a trial court. Determines cause of death but cannot convict anyone.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: If inquest and PM report differ, which prevails?</div><div class="qa-a">The post-mortem report always prevails.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Name the new Nepali criminal code (2074 BS).</div><div class="qa-a">Muluki Aparadh Sanhita (National Penal Code Act, 2017 / 2074 BS).</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What replaced the old Muluki Ain?</div><div class="qa-a">National Penal Code 2074, National Criminal Procedure Code 2074, and National Civil Code 2074.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What is a cognizable offence?</div><div class="qa-a">Police can arrest WITHOUT a warrant. Examples: murder, rape.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Standard of proof in criminal cases?</div><div class="qa-a">Beyond reasonable doubt.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Standard of proof in civil cases?</div><div class="qa-a">Preponderance of evidence.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: Name the 4 principles of medical ethics.</div><div class="qa-a">Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Justice.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What is a summons?</div><div class="qa-a">A document compelling attendance of a witness in court — written, duplicate, signed by presiding officer, bears court seal.</div></div>
    <div class="qa-item"><div class="qa-q">Q: What does forensic pathology deal with?</div><div class="qa-a">Study and application of effects of violence or unnatural disease to determine cause and manner of death.</div></div>

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    <div>Source: <strong>The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 36th Ed. (2026) — KS Narayan Reddy</strong></div>
    <div>Nepal Legal Framework: Muluki Aparadh Sanhita 2074 BS | Prepared for MBBS Viva — Nepal, July 2026</div>
    <div class="good-luck">&#127942; Best of luck for your Forensic Medicine Viva! &#127942;</div>
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