This dual-panel educational material illustrates the normal anatomy of the mitral valve apparatus within the left ventricle. Panel A is an anatomical diagram in a vertical long-axis projection showing the anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM) papillary muscles (green) originating from the ventricular wall. Blue lines represent chordae tendineae connecting the papillary muscles to the mitral valve leaflets (yellow). Panel B is an intraoperative clinical photograph providing a direct surgical view of these structures. It clearly demonstrates the fleshy heads of the anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM) papillary muscles. Multiple thin, white fibrous strands—the chordae tendineae (indicated by black arrows)—extend from the papillary muscle heads to insert into the anterior (A) and posterior (P) mitral valve leaflets. The image highlights the mechanical tethering system essential for valvular competence during the cardiac cycle, specifically demonstrating how both papillary muscles contribute chordae to both leaflets to prevent valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole.

This composite image illustrates the anatomy of a parachute mitral valve (PMV) through a schematic diagram and a diagnostic cardiac MRI. Panel A is an anatomical diagram showing the characteristic single papillary muscle (labeled 'P') within the left ventricle, from which all chordae tendineae (blue) originate. This configuration forces the mitral valve leaflets (yellow) into a restricted, funnel-like shape resembling a parachute. Panel B shows a four-chamber steady-state free precession (SSFP) cardiac MRI sequence. Red arrows indicate the convergent attachment of multiple chordae tendineae to a solitary, centrally located papillary muscle, rather than the typical distribution between anterolateral and posteromedial muscles. This rare congenital anomaly is a significant finding in pediatric and adult cardiology, often associated with mitral stenosis due to reduced leaflet mobility and restricted valve orifice area. It may also present as part of the Shone complex. The image serves as an educational tool for identifying atypical subvalvular apparatus morphology in congenital heart disease.

A three-panel anatomical diagram (A-C) illustrating the step-by-step surgical implantation of artificial chordae using the CardioMech system for mitral valve repair. (A) Shows a transcatheter delivery system (blue catheter with a silver metallic distal tip) approaching the posterior mitral leaflet (PML) to perform a puncture. (B) Illustrates the deployment and anchoring of a blue ePTFE artificial chord into the papillary muscle within the left ventricle. (C) Depicts the final stage where the neochorda is tensioned to adjust the leaflet's position and ensure proper coaptation. The diagram highlights the interaction between the surgical instruments, the thin blue artificial chordae, and the cardiac anatomy, including the mitral leaflets and papillary muscles. This educational visual is designed to demonstrate minimally invasive, beating-heart techniques for correcting mitral regurgitation by replacing ruptured or elongated natural chordae tendineae.

This composite image illustrates the gross and microscopic anatomy of the human tricuspid valve and right ventricular structures. (A) Line diagram showing the topographical layout of the septal (S), anterior (A), and posterior (P) leaflets. (B) Gross clinical photograph of an explanted tricuspid valve, highlighting the complex subvalvular apparatus; visible are the fan-like chordae tendineae extending from the Lancisi and anterior papillary muscles to the translucent valve leaflets. (C) Histological cross-section (likely Masson's trichrome stain) of the Right Atrioventricular (AV) ring, showing the fibrous annulus (stained blue/white) where the valve leaflet inserts between the right atrial and ventricular myocardium (stained red). A vascular structure is visible within the fibrous tissue. (D) Gross photograph of the right ventricular outflow tract demonstrating the trabecula septomarginalis (moderator band), conal papillary muscle, and the relationship between the anterior papillary muscle and ventricular walls. This collection serves as an educational resource for cardiology and cardiac surgery trainees focusing on valvular morphology and anatomical landmarks.