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NEET PG 2025 Anatomy questions answers with explanations

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Here are NEET PG 2025 Anatomy Questions with Detailed Explanations (memory-based recall from the August 3, 2025 exam):

NEET PG 2025 - Anatomy Q&A with Explanations

Q1. Lower Limb - Nerve Innervation

A patient presents with pain, numbness, and burning sensation along the lateral aspect of the thigh. Which nerve is most likely involved?

A) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
B) Femoral nerve
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Obturator nerve

Answer: A) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Explanation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (LCNT) arises from L2-L3 and provides purely sensory innervation to the lateral thigh. It passes under or through the inguinal ligament near the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Compression here causes meralgia paresthetica - characterized by numbness, tingling, and burning pain over the lateral thigh. Key point: it has NO motor component. Obturator nerve supplies the medial thigh; femoral supplies anterior thigh; sciatic supplies the posterior thigh and entire leg below knee.

Q2. Embryology - Umbilical Cord

What are the primary vascular components of the umbilical cord?

A) One umbilical vein, two umbilical arteries
B) Two umbilical veins, one umbilical artery
C) Two umbilical veins, two umbilical arteries
D) One umbilical vein, one umbilical artery

Answer: A) One umbilical vein, two umbilical arteries

Explanation: The umbilical cord contains 3 vessels (1 vein + 2 arteries):

Umbilical vein: carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from placenta TO fetus
Umbilical arteries (x2): carry deoxygenated blood + waste FROM fetus to placenta All surrounded by Wharton's jelly (mucoid connective tissue) which cushions and protects vessels. A single umbilical artery (2-vessel cord) is associated with congenital anomalies.

Q3. Embryology - Fetal Circulation Closure

Which statement about post-natal closure of fetal structures is INCORRECT?

A) Anatomical closure of foramen ovale is by 3 to 5 days
B) Anatomical closure of ductus venosus is by 2 to 3 weeks
C) Right umbilical vein is absent after birth
D) Anatomical closure of ductus arteriosus is by 2 to 3 weeks

Answer: A) Anatomical closure of foramen ovale is by 3 to 5 days

Explanation: Post-natal closure timeline:

Structure	Functional closure	Anatomical closure
Foramen ovale	Within hours-days	6 weeks to years (not 3-5 days)
Ductus arteriosus	24-48 hours	2-3 weeks (becomes ligamentum arteriosum)
Ductus venosus	At birth	2-3 weeks (becomes ligamentum venosum)
Umbilical arteries	At birth	2-3 months (become medial umbilical ligaments)

The right umbilical vein does involute (is absent after birth), making option C correct. Option A is wrong - anatomical closure of foramen ovale takes weeks to months, not 3-5 days.

Q4. Neuroanatomy - Cerebellar Artery

A patient presents with sudden onset ataxia and incoordination. This is most likely due to thrombosis of which artery?

A) Posterior cerebral artery
B) Middle cerebral artery
C) Internal carotid artery
D) Superior cerebellar artery

Answer: D) Superior cerebellar artery

Explanation: The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) supplies the superior surface of the cerebellum, superior cerebellar peduncle, and dentate nucleus. Its occlusion causes:

Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia and incoordination
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature (spinothalamic tract involvement)
Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome

This is distinct from PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery) occlusion = lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome with dysphagia, vertigo, and crossed sensory loss.

Q5. Upper Limb - Triceps Muscle

What is the anatomical origin of the long head of the triceps brachii?

A) Lateral border of scapula
B) Medial border of scapula
C) Supraglenoid tubercle
D) Infraglenoid tubercle

Answer: D) Infraglenoid tubercle

Explanation: Triceps brachii origin:

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (BELOW glenoid)
Lateral head: posterior humerus, above radial groove
Medial head: posterior humerus, below radial groove

Key comparison to remember:

Biceps long head = SUPRAglenoid tubercle
Triceps long head = INFRAglenoid tubercle

All three heads insert into the olecranon process of the ulna via a common tendon. The radial nerve (C7,C8) innervates all three heads.

Q6. Neuroanatomy - Cavernous Sinus

Which of the following nerves does NOT pass through the cavernous sinus?

A) CN III (Oculomotor)
B) CN IV (Trochlear)
C) CN VI (Abducens)
D) CN II (Optic)

Answer: D) CN II (Optic)

Explanation: The cavernous sinus contains:

In its lateral wall (from superior to inferior): CN III, CN IV, V1 (ophthalmic), V2 (maxillary)
Within the sinus itself: CN VI, internal carotid artery (ICA), sympathetic plexus

The optic nerve (CN II) passes through the optic canal - it does NOT pass through the cavernous sinus. This is a classic exam trap. CN V3 (mandibular division) also does NOT pass through the cavernous sinus.

Q7. Epiploic Foramen (of Winslow) - Pringle Maneuver

A surgeon performs a Pringle maneuver by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament. What lies immediately POSTERIOR to the clamped structures?

A) Aorta
B) Portal vein
C) Inferior vena cava (IVC)
D) Common bile duct

Answer: C) Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Explanation: The epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow) boundaries:

Anterior: hepatoduodenal ligament (containing portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct)
Posterior: IVC (and right crus of diaphragm above)
Superior: caudate lobe of liver
Inferior: first part of duodenum

The Pringle maneuver compresses the hepatoduodenal ligament between thumb (in epiploic foramen, touching IVC posteriorly) and index finger to control hepatic bleeding.

Q8. Upper Limb - Brachial Plexus Injury

After a fall on an outstretched hand, a patient cannot abduct or laterally rotate the shoulder. The arm hangs in 'waiter's tip' position. Which nerve roots are affected?

A) C8, T1
B) C5, C6
C) C7, C8
D) C6, C7

Answer: B) C5, C6

Explanation: This is Erb's palsy (upper trunk brachial plexus injury, C5-C6):

Classic "waiter's tip" posture: arm adducted, medially rotated, elbow extended, wrist pronated
Muscles lost: deltoid (abduction), supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (lateral rotation), biceps (flexion/supination)
Caused by: excessive neck-shoulder separation (difficult delivery, motorcycle fall)

Klumpke's palsy (C8-T1 - lower trunk): claw hand, intrinsic muscle loss, ± Horner's syndrome.

Q9. Thorax - Lung Hilum

Which of the following is the correct order of structures in the left lung hilum from anterior to posterior?

A) Pulmonary artery → Bronchus → Pulmonary veins
B) Pulmonary veins → Pulmonary artery → Bronchus
C) Bronchus → Pulmonary artery → Pulmonary veins
D) Pulmonary veins → Bronchus → Pulmonary artery

Answer: B) Pulmonary veins → Pulmonary artery → Bronchus (on the left)

Explanation: Hilum arrangement (anterior to posterior):

Right hilum: Pulmonary veins (front), pulmonary artery (middle), bronchus (back)
Left hilum: Pulmonary artery (arches OVER the bronchus superiorly), then veins anteriorly

Mnemonic for right hilum (superior to inferior): RALS = Right: Artery, veins, Lung (bronchus), Superior bronchus on top.

For the left - the left pulmonary artery is the most superior structure at the left hilum (hooks over the left main bronchus).

Q10. Neuroanatomy - Blood-Brain Barrier

Which brain region LACKS a blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A) Cerebral cortex
B) Cerebellum
C) Area postrema
D) Internal capsule

Answer: C) Area postrema

Explanation: The circumventricular organs (CVOs) lack a BBB and are exposed directly to blood. They include:

Area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone - CTZ, in medulla)
Subfornical organ
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Pineal gland
Median eminence

The area postrema acts as the vomiting center's CTZ - it monitors blood for toxins and triggers nausea/vomiting, which is why anti-emetics like ondansetron and metoclopramide act here.

High-Yield Anatomy Topics for NEET PG 2025

Based on the exam pattern, the following areas were heavily tested:

Topic	High-Yield Points
Brachial Plexus	Erb's vs Klumpke's palsy, individual nerve injuries
Cranial Nerves	Cavernous sinus contents, foramina of skull
Fetal Circulation	Closure timings, derivatives of fetal vessels
Lower Limb	Nerve roots, dermatomes, nerve injury patterns
Neuroanatomy	Cerebellar arteries, BBB, ventricular system
Thorax	Hilum arrangement, mediastinal anatomy
Embryology	Branchial arches, germ layer derivatives
Musculoskeletal	Muscle origins/insertions, rotator cuff

Note: NEET PG 2025 was conducted on August 3, 2025. These are memory-based recall questions compiled from candidate reports - the exact official question paper has not been publicly released. For complete 200-question solved paper access, resources like PrepLadder PYQs and DBMCI offer comprehensive question banks.

neetpg Que-ans last 10 year and prepare a probable Que. Aus for Next

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NEET PG Anatomy previous year questions 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 with answers

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Here is a complete compilation of NEET PG Anatomy - Last 10 Years PYQs with Explanations + Probable Questions for Next Exam (2026).

NEET PG ANATOMY - LAST 10 YEARS PYQs (2015-2025)

Note: NEET PG papers are confidential. Questions below are memory-based recalls compiled from published coaching institute sources (PrepLadder, DBMCI, MedPG etc.) - the most authentic source available.

PART 1: YEAR-WISE PYQs WITH ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

🔷 2025 Questions

Q1. A patient presents with pain along the lateral aspect of the thigh. Which nerve is most likely involved?

A) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
B) Femoral nerve
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Obturator nerve

✅ Answer: A) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

Explanation: The lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2-L3) is a pure sensory nerve. It passes under/through the inguinal ligament near ASIS. Entrapment = Meralgia Paresthetica - burning pain + numbness of lateral thigh. No motor loss. This is a repeat favorite across NEET PG years.

Q2. What is the anatomical origin of the long head of triceps brachii?

A) Lateral border of scapula
B) Supraglenoid tubercle
C) Infraglenoid tubercle
D) Medial border of scapula

✅ Answer: C) Infraglenoid tubercle

Explanation: Long head of triceps = infraglenoid tubercle (below glenoid). Long head of biceps = supraglenoid tubercle (above glenoid). Medial + lateral heads of triceps = posterior humerus. All three insert at olecranon. Radial nerve (C7-C8) innervates all three heads.

Q3. A patient presents with ankle swelling after a forceful eversion injury. Which ligament is most likely damaged?

A) Anterior talofibular ligament
B) Calcaneofibular ligament
C) Deltoid ligament
D) Posterior talofibular ligament

✅ Answer: C) Deltoid ligament

Explanation:

Inversion injury (most common ankle sprain) damages the lateral ligaments (ATFL > CFL > PTFL)
Eversion injury damages the medial (deltoid) ligament - this is stronger and less commonly injured
The deltoid ligament is a broad triangular ligament connecting medial malleolus to the tarsal bones
Eversion injuries are less common but more clinically significant

Q4. The structure preventing vertical/downward descent of an enlarged spleen is:

A) Lienorenal ligament
B) Gastrosplenic ligament
C) Phrenicocolic ligament
D) Lienophrenic ligament

✅ Answer: C) Phrenicocolic ligament

Explanation: The phrenicocolic ligament (left colic-phrenic ligament) acts like a hammock/shelf at the left colic flexure, preventing the spleen from descending vertically. It connects the left colic flexure to the diaphragm. When the spleen enlarges it grows obliquely toward the right iliac fossa because of this support.

🔷 2024 Questions

Q5. The muscle in the back region (arrow pointing to rhomboid major) is innervated by:

A) Dorsal scapular nerve
B) Suprascapular nerve
C) Dorsal rami of C1
D) Subscapular nerve

✅ Answer: A) Dorsal scapular nerve

Explanation: Rhomboid major + minor and levator scapulae are all innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5). This nerve arises from the root of the brachial plexus. Rhomboids retract and rotate the scapula (inferior angle medially). Suprascapular nerve = supraspinatus + infraspinatus.

Q6. Which of the following forms the lateral boundary of the anatomical snuff box?

A) Extensor pollicis brevis + Abductor pollicis longus
B) Extensor pollicis longus + abductor pollicis brevis
C) Extensor pollicis longus + extensor pollicis brevis
D) Abductor pollicis longus + abductor pollicis brevis

✅ Answer: A) Extensor pollicis brevis + Abductor pollicis longus

Explanation: Anatomical snuff box boundaries:

Lateral (anterior) wall: APL + EPB (both pass lateral to radial styloid)
Medial (posterior) wall: EPL
Floor: Scaphoid + trapezium
Roof: Radial artery crosses the floor
Contents: Radial artery, cephalic vein (origin), superficial branch of radial nerve

Q7. Anterior communicating artery aneurysm causes vision loss because it compresses:

A) Optic nerve
B) Optic chiasm
C) Optic tract
D) Lateral geniculate body

✅ Answer: B) Optic chiasm

Explanation: ACoA lies just above the optic chiasm. An aneurysm here compresses the chiasm, damaging the decussating nasal fibers. Result = bitemporal hemianopia (loss of both temporal visual fields). This distinguishes it from optic nerve compression (monocular blindness) or optic tract (homonymous hemianopia).

🔷 2023 Questions

Q8. Musculocutaneous nerve injury results in loss of:

A) Elbow extension + hand grip
B) Elbow flexion + supination + lateral forearm sensation
C) Wrist flexion + finger movements
D) Shoulder abduction

✅ Answer: B) Elbow flexion + supination + lateral forearm sensation

Explanation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) supplies:

Biceps brachii (elbow flexion + supination)
Brachialis (elbow flexion)
Coracobrachialis (shoulder flexion)
Sensory: lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (lateral forearm) Injury = cannot flex elbow or supinate, loss of lateral forearm sensation. Biceps reflex lost.

Q9. Which nerve is most likely damaged during submandibular gland resection?

A) Hypoglossal nerve
B) Lingual nerve
C) Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
D) All of the above

✅ Answer: D) All of the above

Explanation: During submandibular gland resection, nerves at risk:

Lingual nerve: runs on floor of mouth; hooks under submandibular duct (Wharton's duct) - injury = loss of anterior 2/3 tongue taste + sensation
Hypoglossal nerve: runs on hyoglossus muscle just below gland - injury = ipsilateral tongue deviation
Marginal mandibular branch (CN VII): runs at lower border of mandible - injury = drooping of lower lip All three are at risk; this is a classic surgical anatomy question.

🔷 2022 Questions

Q10. A patient presents with loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the leg and foot. Which nerve is damaged?

A) Sural nerve
B) Saphenous nerve
C) Tibial nerve
D) Common peroneal nerve

✅ Answer: B) Saphenous nerve

Explanation: Saphenous nerve (L4) is the terminal sensory branch of the femoral nerve. It supplies the medial side of the leg from knee to medial malleolus and medial dorsum of foot (but NOT the great toe). It does NOT supply motor fibers. Sural nerve = lateral/posterior leg + lateral foot. Key point: only femoral nerve branch that crosses the knee.

Q11. Which of the following is NOT a content of the cavernous sinus?

A) CN III
B) CN IV
C) CN V1
D) CN V3

✅ Answer: D) CN V3 (Mandibular division)

Explanation: Cavernous sinus lateral wall (superior to inferior): CN III → CN IV → CN V1 → CN V2. Within the sinus lumen: CN VI + ICA + sympathetic plexus. CN V3 and CN II do NOT pass through the cavernous sinus. CN V3 exits through foramen ovale. This distinction is repeatedly tested.

🔷 2021 Questions

Q12. In Erb's palsy (C5-C6), the limb is held in waiter's tip position. Which muscle is spared?

A) Biceps
B) Deltoid
C) Intrinsic muscles of hand
D) Supraspinatus

✅ Answer: C) Intrinsic muscles of hand

Explanation: Erb's palsy (upper trunk C5-C6) causes loss of:

Shoulder abduction (deltoid, supraspinatus - C5)
Lateral rotation (infraspinatus, teres minor - C5,C6)
Elbow flexion (biceps, brachialis - C5,C6)
Supination (biceps - C6) Hand intrinsic muscles are supplied by C8-T1 (ulnar nerve) - SPARED in Erb's. Claw hand (intrinsic loss) = Klumpke's (C8-T1).

Q13. The coronary sinus opens into:

A) Right atrium
B) Left atrium
C) Right ventricle
D) Left ventricle

✅ Answer: A) Right atrium

Explanation: Coronary sinus is the main venous drainage of the heart. It opens into the right atrium between the opening of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve, guarded by the valve of the coronary sinus (Thebesian valve). It receives: great, middle, small cardiac veins + oblique vein of left atrium.

🔷 2020 Questions

Q14. Which of the following regarding the ductus arteriosus is correct?

A) Connects aorta to right pulmonary artery
B) Closes functionally within 24-48 hours of birth
C) Becomes ligamentum venosum after closure
D) Is derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch artery

✅ Answer: B) Closes functionally within 24-48 hours of birth

Explanation:

Ductus arteriosus connects main pulmonary trunk to descending aorta (not right PA)
Functional closure: 24-48 hours (due to increased O2 tension + decreased prostaglandins)
Anatomical closure: 2-3 weeks → ligamentum arteriosum (NOT venosum; venosum is from ductus venosus)
Derived from 6th pharyngeal arch artery (NOT 4th) All three distractors are classic traps!

Q15. Which structure lies in the floor of the anatomical snuff box?

A) Radial artery
B) Scaphoid
C) Trapezium
D) Both B and C

✅ Answer: D) Both B and C

Explanation: The floor of the anatomical snuff box (proximal to distal): Radial styloid process → Scaphoid → Trapezium. The radial artery crosses the roof/superficial to the floor on its way to the dorsum of the hand. Tenderness over the anatomical snuff box after a fall = suspect scaphoid fracture (most common carpal fracture; avascular necrosis risk of proximal pole).

🔷 2019 Questions

Q16. Structures NOT passing through the superior orbital fissure include:

A) CN III
B) CN IV
C) CN II
D) CN VI

✅ Answer: C) CN II (Optic nerve)

Explanation:

Superior orbital fissure: CN III, IV, V1 (lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary branches), VI, superior/inferior ophthalmic veins, sympathetic fibers
Optic canal: CN II + ophthalmic artery
Inferior orbital fissure: V2 (maxillary), zygomatic nerve, infraorbital nerve Mnemonic for SOF: "Lateral Frontal Nasociliary branches = Lonely Frenchmen Never Tire of Sailing in Oceans of Adventure"

Q17. Medial meniscus injury is more common than lateral meniscus injury because:

A) It is more mobile
B) It is firmly attached to medial collateral ligament
C) It is in the weight-bearing axis
D) It is C-shaped

✅ Answer: B) It is firmly attached to medial collateral ligament

Explanation: The medial meniscus is C-shaped, less mobile, and firmly attached to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and joint capsule. This makes it prone to injury with the MCL in valgus stress. The lateral meniscus is more mobile (not attached to LCL), O-shaped, and less frequently injured. Classic "unhappy triad": ACL + MCL + medial meniscus.

🔷 2018 Questions

Q18. The great saphenous vein drains into:

A) Femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction
B) Popliteal vein
C) External iliac vein
D) Common femoral vein

✅ Answer: A) Femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction

Explanation: The great saphenous vein (GSV) is the longest vein in the body. It begins at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch, ascends medially, passes anterior to the medial malleolus, along the medial leg, then drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction (4 cm below/lateral to the pubic tubercle). Important for varicose vein surgery and venous access.

Q19. A patient presents with weakness of all small muscles of the hand with claw of all 4 fingers. Which nerve is involved?

A) Ulnar nerve only
B) Median nerve only
C) Both ulnar and median nerves
D) Radial nerve

✅ Answer: C) Both ulnar and median nerves

Explanation: Hand intrinsic muscles:

Ulnar nerve: all interossei (4 dorsal + 3 palmar), hypothenar muscles, medial 2 lumbricals (ring + little finger)
Median nerve: thenar muscles (APB, FPB, OP), lateral 2 lumbricals (index + middle finger) Ulnar nerve alone = claw of ring + little fingers ("ulnar claw"). All 4 fingers clawed + all intrinsics lost = combined ulnar + median nerve injury. Also indicates the level (distal lesion vs proximal).

🔷 2017 Questions

Q20. The nerve most likely to be injured in posterior dislocation of the hip is:

A) Femoral nerve
B) Obturator nerve
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Superior gluteal nerve

✅ Answer: C) Sciatic nerve

Explanation: In posterior hip dislocation (most common type, 90% - from dashboard injury, knee to dashboard in RTA), the femoral head moves posteriorly and can stretch/compress the sciatic nerve. Features: foot drop + loss of sensation below knee. Superior gluteal nerve injury = Trendelenburg gait. Femoral nerve injury = in anterior dislocation (rare).

Q21. Which of the following is a posterior relation of the kidney?

A) Second part of duodenum
B) Psoas major
C) Liver
D) Spleen

✅ Answer: B) Psoas major

Explanation: Posterior relations of the kidney (important for surgical approach):

Upper 1/3: diaphragm
Middle: quadratus lumborum, psoas major, transversus abdominis aponeurosis
Nerves: subcostal (T12), iliohypogastric (L1), ilioinguinal (L1) The right kidney is anteriorly related to the liver and duodenum (2nd part). The left kidney is anteriorly related to the spleen. These are ANTERIOR relations.

🔷 2016 Questions

Q22. Which is the most common site of cerebral berry aneurysm?

A) Middle cerebral artery
B) Basilar artery
C) Anterior communicating artery
D) Posterior communicating artery

✅ Answer: C) Anterior communicating artery

Explanation: Cerebral berry aneurysms - frequency:

ACoA - 40% (most common) - rupture causes SAH + frontal lobe signs
PCoA - 30% - compression of CN III = dilated pupil (blown pupil)
MCA bifurcation - 20%
Basilar tip - 5% Berry aneurysms form at arterial bifurcations where smooth muscle and elastic tissue are deficient.

Q23. Regarding the brachial plexus, the upper trunk is formed by:

A) C5 + C6
B) C6 + C7
C) C7 only
D) C8 + T1

✅ Answer: A) C5 + C6

Explanation: Brachial plexus trunks:

Upper trunk: C5 + C6
Middle trunk: C7 (alone)
Lower trunk: C8 + T1 Divisions → Cords (posterior, lateral, medial) → Terminal branches (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar). Mnemonic: "Really Tired? Drink Cold Beer" (Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches).

🔷 2015 Questions

Q24. The rotator cuff of the shoulder is formed by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Supraspinatus
B) Infraspinatus
C) Teres major
D) Subscapularis

✅ Answer: C) Teres major

Explanation: Rotator cuff = SITS:

Supraspinatus (abduction, C5,C6 - suprascapular nerve)
Infraspinatus (lateral rotation - suprascapular nerve)
Teres minor (lateral rotation - axillary nerve)
Subscapularis (medial rotation - upper/lower subscapular nerve) Teres MAJOR is NOT part of the rotator cuff. It medially rotates + adducts the arm (supplied by lower subscapular nerve). Most common rotator cuff tear = supraspinatus.

Q25. Hutchinson's pupil (unilateral dilated fixed pupil) in uncal herniation compresses:

A) CN II
B) CN III (oculomotor)
C) CN VI
D) Sympathetic fibers

✅ Answer: B) CN III (oculomotor)

Explanation: In transtentorial (uncal) herniation, the uncus compresses CN III against the posterior cerebral artery or tentorial edge. CN III carries parasympathetic fibers on its outer surface → compression first affects parasympathetics → loss of pupillary constriction → dilated fixed pupil (Hutchinson's pupil). This is a neurosurgical emergency indicating raised ICP.

PART 2: TOPIC-WISE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS (2015-2025)

Topic	Frequency (10 years)	Must-Know Points
Brachial Plexus / Nerve Injuries	★★★★★	Erb's, Klumpke's, individual nerve injuries
Cranial Nerves / Foramina	★★★★★	Cavernous sinus, SOF, optic canal
Fetal Circulation / Embryology	★★★★☆	Closure timings, derivatives, pharyngeal arches
Knee / Ankle Joint	★★★★☆	Menisci, ligaments, unhappy triad
Upper Limb Bones/Muscles	★★★★☆	Snuff box, rotator cuff, carpal tunnel
Neuroanatomy (Arteries, Aneurysms)	★★★★☆	Circle of Willis, cerebellar arteries
Lower Limb Nerves	★★★★☆	Saphenous, sural, sciatic, femoral
Abdominal/Pelvic Anatomy	★★★☆☆	Kidney relations, inguinal canal, epiploic foramen
Histology	★★★☆☆	Cell types, stains, glands
Thorax (Heart, Lungs)	★★★☆☆	Hilum, coronary arteries, pericardium

PART 3: PROBABLE QUESTIONS FOR NEET PG 2026

Based on: Pattern analysis, frequently repeated topics, recent clinical anatomy trends, untested areas from previous years.

🔮 PQ1. A patient with a mid-shaft humeral fracture develops wrist drop. The nerve damaged most likely passes through:

A) Quadrangular space
B) Axilla
C) Spiral groove of humerus
D) Cubital tunnel

✅ Probable Answer: C) Spiral groove of humerus

Explanation: The radial nerve passes through the spiral groove (radial groove) of the humerus. Mid-shaft fracture = radial nerve injury = wrist drop (loss of wrist + finger extensors). At the spiral groove it is vulnerable to Holstein-Lewis fracture (junction of middle and distal third). The posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial) is injured at the radial neck / supinator.

🔮 PQ2. A 45-year-old carpenter presents with tingling and numbness in the thumb, index, middle, and lateral half of ring finger, worse at night. The most likely anatomical site of nerve compression is:

A) Thoracic outlet
B) Carpal tunnel (wrist)
C) Cubital tunnel (elbow)
D) Axilla

✅ Probable Answer: B) Carpal tunnel

Explanation: Classic carpal tunnel syndrome - median nerve compression under the flexor retinaculum. Contents of carpal tunnel: 4 tendons of FDS + 4 tendons of FDP + tendon of FPL + median nerve (10 structures total). NOT the ulnar nerve (travels in Guyon's canal). Night symptoms occur due to wrist flexion during sleep. Test: Phalen's sign, Tinel's sign at wrist.

🔮 PQ3. During thyroid surgery, which structure is most at risk of injury when ligating the inferior thyroid artery close to the gland?

A) External laryngeal nerve
B) Internal laryngeal nerve
C) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D) Hypoglossal nerve

✅ Probable Answer: C) Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Explanation: The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) runs in the tracheoesophageal groove and enters the larynx just posterior to the inferior thyroid artery. The artery and nerve cross each other (RLN may be anterior, posterior, or between branches of the artery - variable). Injury = hoarseness (unilateral) or aphonia + respiratory distress (bilateral). The external laryngeal nerve is at risk when ligating the superior thyroid artery.

🔮 PQ4. A patient presents with inability to cross one leg over the other (loss of hip adduction) and an abnormal gait. MRI shows compression of a nerve at the obturator foramen. Which muscles are weakened?

A) Quadriceps + sartorius
B) Adductor longus + gracilis + obturator externus
C) Gluteus medius + gluteus minimus
D) Iliopsoas + pectineus

✅ Probable Answer: B) Adductor longus + gracilis + obturator externus

Explanation: The obturator nerve (L2-L4) exits through the obturator foramen. It supplies: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (anterior part), gracilis, obturator externus. Sensory: medial thigh. Injury causes loss of hip adduction. Can be compressed by obturator hernia (classically in elderly thin women - Howship-Romberg sign = pain down medial thigh to knee).

🔮 PQ5. The pterion is the weakest part of the skull because:

A) It is the junction of 4 bones and lies over the middle meningeal artery
B) It has only one bone layer
C) It lies over the sagittal sinus
D) It is the point of fontanelle closure

✅ Probable Answer: A) Junction of 4 bones overlying middle meningeal artery

Explanation: Pterion is the H-shaped sutural junction of: frontal + parietal + temporal + greater wing of sphenoid. It overlies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery. A blow here can fracture the thin temporal squama → rupture the artery → extradural (epidural) hematoma (biconvex on CT, lucid interval). Classic NEET PG scenario.

🔮 PQ6. In a patient with fracture of the surgical neck of humerus, which nerve is most likely injured, and what is the resultant deformity?

A) Radial nerve → wrist drop
B) Musculocutaneous nerve → loss of elbow flexion
C) Axillary nerve → flattening of shoulder contour
D) Ulnar nerve → claw hand

✅ Probable Answer: C) Axillary nerve → flattening of shoulder contour

Explanation: The axillary nerve (C5,C6) winds around the surgical neck of humerus in the quadrangular space. Injury causes:

Paralysis of deltoid → cannot abduct shoulder → flat shoulder contour ("square shoulder")
Paralysis of teres minor → loss of lateral rotation
Sensory loss: "regimental badge area" (upper lateral arm) This is different from anterior shoulder dislocation which also injures axillary nerve.

🔮 PQ7. A patient undergoes posterior fossa surgery. Post-operatively, they develop ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the face and contralateral loss in the body. This pattern suggests damage to:

A) Medial lemniscus
B) Trigeminal nuclei and spinothalamic tract at medullary level
C) Internal capsule
D) Ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nucleus

✅ Probable Answer: B) Trigeminal nuclei and spinothalamic tract

Explanation: This is the "onion skin" pattern of sensory loss in lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome or medullary lesions. The trigeminal spinal nucleus descends into the medulla - its fibers cross to the opposite side. The spinothalamic tract (body fibers) has already crossed in the spinal cord. Ipsilateral face + contralateral body = lesion in the lateral medulla (PICA territory).

🔮 PQ8. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures encountered during lumbar puncture (LP)?

A) Skin → Supraspinous ligament → Interspinous ligament → Ligamentum flavum → Epidural space → Dura mater → Subdural space → Arachnoid → Subarachnoid space
B) Skin → Ligamentum flavum → Dura → Arachnoid → Subarachnoid
C) Skin → Dura → Arachnoid → Subarachnoid
D) Skin → Interspinous ligament → Epidural → Arachnoid → Dura

✅ Probable Answer: A)

Explanation: Layers during LP (L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspace): Skin → Subcutaneous fat → Supraspinous lig. → Interspinous lig. → Ligamentum flavum → Epidural space (contains fat + venous plexus) → Dura mater → Subdural space → Arachnoid mater → Subarachnoid space (contains CSF - needle tip here). Conus medullaris ends at L1-L2 in adults, L2-L3 in neonates.

🔮 PQ9. A boxer presents with deviation of the tongue to the right on protrusion. Which cranial nerve and side of lesion is most likely?

A) Right CN XII lesion
B) Left CN XII lesion
C) Right CN X lesion
D) Left CN IX lesion

✅ Probable Answer: A) Right CN XII lesion

Explanation: The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates all intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles, including genioglossus (principal protruder). In lower motor neuron (LMN) CN XII lesion, the genioglossus on the affected side is weak. The normal side pushes the tongue toward the paralyzed side. Tongue deviates toward the side of the lesion. In upper motor neuron lesion, deviation is opposite.

🔮 PQ10. Regarding the inguinal canal, which statement is TRUE?

A) The deep ring lies medial to the inferior epigastric artery
B) The superficial ring lies in the transversalis fascia
C) The floor is formed by the inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament
D) The roof is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis

✅ Probable Answer: C) Floor = inguinal ligament + lacunar ligament

Explanation: Inguinal canal walls:

Anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis (+ internal oblique in lateral 1/3)
Posterior wall: transversalis fascia (+ conjoint tendon medially)
Floor: inguinal ligament + lacunar ligament (medially)
Roof: arching fibers of internal oblique + transversus abdominis
Deep ring: in transversalis fascia, lateral to inferior epigastric artery (indirect hernia passes through it)
Superficial ring: in external oblique aponeurosis (NOT transversalis fascia)

QUICK REVISION SUMMARY TABLE

Topic	Key One-Liners for NEET PG
Erb's palsy	C5-C6, waiter's tip, upper trunk injury
Klumpke's palsy	C8-T1, claw hand, lower trunk, ± Horner's
Radial nerve at spiral groove	Mid-humerus fracture → wrist drop
Axillary nerve	Surgical neck fracture / ant. dislocation → flat shoulder
Musculocutaneous nerve	Coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis → loss of elbow flexion
Carpal tunnel contents	9 tendons + median nerve (ulnar nerve NOT inside)
Anatomical snuff box floor	Scaphoid + trapezium (scaphoid fracture)
Cavernous sinus	CN III, IV, V1, V2 in lateral wall; CN VI + ICA inside
Meralgia paresthetica	LCNT (L2-L3) at ASIS/inguinal ligament
Foramen ovale anatomical closure	Weeks-months (NOT 3-5 days)
Ductus arteriosus closure	→ Ligamentum arteriosum (6th arch)
Ductus venosus closure	→ Ligamentum venosum
ACoA aneurysm	Most common; bitemporal hemianopia if chiasm compressed
PCoA aneurysm	CN III compression → blown pupil
Pterion	Weakest skull point; middle meningeal artery → EDH
Rotator cuff	SITS: Supra, Infra, Teres minor, Subscapularis (NOT teres major)
Unhappy triad	ACL + MCL + medial meniscus
Deltoid ligament	Eversion ankle injury (lateral ligaments = inversion)
Phrenicocolic ligament	Prevents spleen descent
Great saphenous vein	Longest vein; drains into femoral vein at SFJ
Coronary sinus	Opens into right atrium
Tongue deviation in CN XII LMN	Toward the side of the lesion
LP layers	Skin → Supraspinous → Interspinous → Lig. flavum → Epidural → Dura → Subdural → Arachnoid → Subarachnoid
Inguinal canal deep ring	Lateral to inferior epigastric artery

Pro tip for NEET PG 2026: Anatomy carries 17 questions (fixed weightage). Based on 10-year pattern, expect 4-5 questions on nerve injuries/brachial plexus, 3-4 on cranial nerves/skull foramina, 2-3 on embryology/fetal circulation, and 2-3 on joints/ligaments. Clinical scenario-based questions (patient with injury → identify nerve/structure) have been increasing year by year.

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