Medical education colour diagram for MBBS exam: Comparison table of Benign vs Malignant Neoplasm. Two columns side by side with clear headers in blue (Benign) and red (Malignant). Rows showing: Differentiation (well vs poor), Growth rate (slow vs rapid), Capsule (present vs absent), Border (sharp vs irregular), Necrosis (absent vs common), Mitosis (rare vs frequent), Metastasis (absent vs present), Recurrence (rare vs common), Effect on host (local vs systemic). Clean white background, colour coded rows alternating light blue and light red, bold text, suitable for medical exam notes.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Modes and Pathways of Metastasis. Central primary tumour in dark red oval. Four radiating pathways shown with coloured arrows: 1) Lymphatic spread (green arrow) showing cancer cells entering lymph vessel to regional lymph node then distant lymph node. 2) Haematogenous spread (red arrow) showing tumour cells entering blood vessel, travelling in bloodstream, lodging in liver, lung, bone, brain. 3) Transcoelomic/seeding (blue arrow) showing cells seeding into peritoneal cavity. 4) Direct implantation (orange arrow). Each pathway clearly labelled. Anatomical diagrams of lymph node, liver, lung, bone shown at destinations. Clean white background, educational style, suitable for MUHS exam.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Molecular Basis of Cancer - Hallmarks and Key Genes. Central cell diagram with nucleus showing DNA. Surrounding boxes connected by arrows showing: 1) Proto-oncogenes to Oncogenes (RAS, MYC, HER2) shown in orange - accelerators. 2) Tumor Suppressor Genes (RB, P53, APC, BRCA1) shown in blue - brakes. 3) DNA repair genes (MLH1, MSH2) shown in green. 4) Apoptosis regulation (BCL2, BAX) shown in purple. 5) Telomerase activation shown in red. Bottom row showing Hallmarks of Cancer: self-sufficient growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitors, evading apoptosis, limitless replication, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis. Clear labels, colour coded, educational medical diagram style, white background.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Chemical Carcinogenesis mechanism. Step by step flowchart with coloured boxes. Step 1 (blue box): Procarcinogen/chemical (examples: PAH from cigarette smoke, aflatoxin, benzene). Step 2 (orange box): Metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver - converts to Ultimate Carcinogen. Step 3 (red box): DNA adduct formation - electrophilic carcinogen attacks nucleophilic DNA bases causing mutations. Step 4 (purple box): Initiation - permanent irreversible change in cell, appears normal. Step 5 (yellow box): Promotion - repeated exposure to promoters (phorbol esters, hormones) causes clonal expansion. Step 6 (dark red box): Progression - additional mutations, malignant phenotype. Examples listed: Polycyclic hydrocarbons (skin, lung), Aromatic amines (bladder), Nitrosamines (GI), Aflatoxin B1 (liver). White background, arrows connecting each step, educational style.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Anaplasia - Morphological Features. Central large irregularly shaped cancer cell in red/pink. Surrounding labelled arrows pointing to features: 1) Pleomorphism - multiple cell shapes and sizes shown. 2) Hyperchromatism - dark staining nucleus. 3) High N:C ratio - enlarged nucleus relative to cytoplasm. 4) Abnormal mitotic figures - tripolar mitosis shown. 5) Giant cells - multinucleated tumour giant cells. 6) Loss of polarity - disorganised arrangement. 7) Nucleolus - prominent large nucleolus. 8) Coarse chromatin. Small inset microscopy-style diagram showing comparison of normal cells (uniform, pale) vs anaplastic cells (pleomorphic, dark, crowded). White background, educational style, colour coded labels, suitable for MUHS exam.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Viral Carcinogenesis mechanisms. Four virus panels in different colours. Panel 1 (blue): HPV - shows E6 protein degrading p53, E7 protein inactivating Rb, leading to cervical carcinoma. Panel 2 (green): EBV - shows latent membrane protein LMP1 activating NF-kB, c-myc translocation, leading to Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Panel 3 (orange): HBV/HCV - shows chronic inflammation, cirrhosis, HBx protein activating signalling pathways, leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. Panel 4 (purple): HTLV-1 - shows Tax protein activating NF-kB and IL-2 signalling, leading to Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Each panel shows virus, mechanism, and resulting cancer. Clean arrows, educational diagram style, white background, suitable for exam.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Central box showing tumour (lung cancer, most commonly). Four coloured sections radiating outward. Section 1 (blue - Endocrine): ACTH production causing Cushing syndrome, PTHrP causing hypercalcaemia, ADH causing SIADH, insulin-like substance causing hypoglycaemia. Section 2 (green - Neurological): Lambert-Eaton syndrome (anti-voltage-gated calcium channels), subacute cerebellar degeneration, peripheral neuropathy. Section 3 (red - Haematological): Trousseau syndrome (migratory thrombophlebitis), DIC, polycythaemia, anaemia. Section 4 (orange - Dermatological): Acanthosis nigricans, dermatomyositis, Sweet syndrome. Each syndrome connected to responsible tumour type with dotted lines. White background, educational medical diagram, clear labels.

Medical pathology colour diagram for MBBS exam: Staging (TNM system) and Grading of Tumours. Left half shows GRADING: vertical scale from Grade 1 (well differentiated, resembles normal, low mitosis, blue cells) to Grade 4 (anaplastic, no resemblance, high mitosis, dark red cells). Microscopy insets for each grade. Right half shows TNM STAGING: body outline diagram. T (Tumour) boxes: T1 small confined, T2 larger, T3 beyond organ, T4 invades adjacent organs. N (Nodes) boxes: N0 no nodes, N1 regional nodes, N2 multiple regional, N3 distant regional. M (Metastasis): M0 none, M1 present (showing liver and lung secondaries). Stage grouping table: Stage I (T1N0M0) to Stage IV (any T, any N, M1). Colour coded progression from green (early) to red (advanced). White background, educational style, MUHS exam ready.