answer question in detailed , oriented organised way , imp words in bold-caps without forgetting ,use images or graph-image wherever required , dont skip any question - go from Q1 and then answer , continue till last
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QUICK REFERENCE SUMMARY TABLE
| Q# | Topic | Key Answer |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stroke Volume | SV = EDV - ESV (~70 mL) |
| 2/38 | Slowest conduction | AV NODE (0.02-0.05 m/s) |
| 3 | Poiseuille's Law | Q = ΔP×πr⁴/8ηL; ↑viscosity → ↓flow |
| 4/36/40/48 | CO calculation | CO = HR × SV; Fick; Thermodilution |
| 5 | Cardiac Output | ~5 L/min; HR × SV |
| 6/42 | End of isovolumic relaxation | AV valves OPEN → filling begins |
| 7 | Turbulent flow / Reynolds | Re = ρvd/η; >3000 = turbulent |
| 8/44/52 | Ejection Fraction | EF = SV/EDV × 100% (normal ≥55%) |
| 9 | EDV | ~130 mL; PRELOAD; max volume |
| 10/46 | End of isovolumic contraction | Semilunar valves OPEN → ejection |
| 11 | Distensibility/Compliance | Veins most compliant; C = ΔV/ΔP |
| 12 | Sympathetic stimulation | Tachycardia, ↑inotropy, ↑CO |
| 13 | ESV | ~60 mL; minimum volume |
| 14/37/50 | 1st heart sound (S1) | CLOSURE of MITRAL + TRICUSPID valves |
| 15 | Current of injury/J point | Ischemia → ST elevation; J = QRS-ST junction |
| 16/56 | Heart rate from ECG | HR = 60/R-R sec = 300/large squares |
| 17 | ECG leads | 12 leads: I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF, V1-V6 |
| 18 | Coronary flow controller | ADENOSINE (primary metabolic regulator) |
| 19 | Arterial pulsations | Korotkoff sounds; PP = Sys-Dias |
| 20 | Increase filtration rate | ↑Pc, ↓πc, ↑permeability |
| 21 | AV node rhythm | 40-60 bpm (escape) |
| 22/54 | Lead II positive electrode | LEFT LEG (LL) |
| 23 | Veins functions | Reservoir, return, capacitance (64% volume) |
| 24 | ↑Lymph flow | ↓Plasma oncotic pressure |
| 25 | Sinus node rhythm | 60-100 bpm; NSR |
| 26 | Lead II negative electrode | RIGHT ARM (RA) |
| 27 | Local/hormonal regulation | Adenosine/NO local; Ang II/NE humoral |
| 28 | Most turbulent | AORTA (during systole) |
| 29 | Diastole stages | Isovolumic relaxation + rapid fill + diastasis + atrial systole |
| 30 | Greatest cross-sectional area | CAPILLARIES |
| 31 | Vasomotor center | Medulla oblongata; baroreceptor reflex center |
| 32 | SA node fails | AV node takes over (40-60 bpm) |
| 33 | Systole stages | Isovolumic contraction + ejection |
| 34 | ↑Viscosity → flow | DECREASES (inversely proportional) |
| 35 | Rapid BP control | Baroreceptor reflex (SECONDS) |
| 39 | RAAS | Renin→Ang I→Ang II→aldosterone→↑BP |
| 41 | Lowest velocity | CAPILLARIES (~0.07 mm/s) |
| 43 | CO control | Frank-Starling + sympathetic |
| 45 | Highest resistance | ARTERIOLES (~47-50% TPR) |
| 47 | Venous return | MSFP ~7 mmHg; VR = (MSFP-RAP)/R |
| 49 | Highest compliance | VEINS (capacitance vessels) |
| 51 | Coronary circulation | RCA, LAD, LCX; left flows in diastole |
| 53 | Stages of cardiac cycle | 7 stages; Systole (2-4); Diastole (5-7+1) |
| 55 | Conductive system | SA→internodal→AV→His→BB→Purkinje |
NOTE ON DUPLICATES: Several questions are repeated in the paper (Q4=Q36=Q40=Q48 re: CO calculation; Q6=Q42 re: isovolumic relaxation; Q8=Q44=Q52 re: EF; Q10=Q46 re: isovolumic contraction; Q14=Q37=Q50 re: S1; Q2=Q38 re: slowest conduction). All have been answered in their first occurrence above, with cross-references for the duplicates.
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