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📚 ROGA NIDANA EVAM VIKRITI VIGYAN - PAPER 2

Complete Exam Notes (BAMS 2nd Professional - NCISM Syllabus)

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PAPER 2 TOPIC LIST (NCISM Official)

Topics: Agnimandya-Ajeerna-Anaha-Adhmana-Atopa | Chhardi | Amlapitta | Shoola | Atisara & Pravahika | Visuchika-Alasaka-Vilambika | Mutrakrichhra | Mutraghata | Shwasa | Kasa | Jwara | Masurika-Romantika | Raktapitta | Shotha | Kamala | Udara Roga | Kushtha (Maha & Kshudra) | Shwitra | Sheetapitta | Visarpa | Rajayakshma & Shosha | Obesity (Ashtanindita) | Amavata | Vatarakta | Diseases of Bone/Joints/Muscles

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TOPIC 1: AGNIMANDYA, AJEERNA, ANAHA, ADHMANA, ATOPA

1.1 AGNIMANDYA (Impaired Digestive Fire)

• Mandibhavah agneh = diminished state of Agni (digestive fire)
• Mandagni is the root cause of all diseases - "Mandagnihi sarvarogaanam moolam"

• Guru, Sheeta, Snigdha ahara sevana
• Adhyashana (eating before previous meal digests)
• Vishamashana (irregular eating habits)
• Manasika nidana - Chinta, Shoka, Bhaya
• Vegadharana (suppression of natural urges)

• Nidana sevanat → Kapha/Vata vriddhi → Agni dushana → Ama utpatti → Agnimandya

"Samadhatu sama mala samagnishcha prakriti sthitah" - Sushruta Sutrasthana 15/41 (A person in equilibrium of doshas, dhatus, and agni is healthy)

"Rogaanaam aajanavaanam nidaanam kupitaa malaah" - Charaka Sutrasthana 9/4 (Vitiated doshas are the cause of all diseases)

• Corresponds to hypochlorhydria, functional dyspepsia
• Kapha-dominant Agnimandya = Achlorhydria
• Pitta-dominant Agnimandya = Hyperacidity
• Vata-dominant Agnimandya = Irregular peristalsis / IBS

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1.2 AJEERNA (Indigestion)

• Ajeernam = improper/incomplete digestion of food
• "Ahara asya aparinaama jeeranamiti"

"Ama vishtabdha vidagdhani trishu doshesu nirdiset" - Charaka Chikitsa 15 (Ama, Vishtabdha, Vidagdha ajeerna correspond to three doshas)

• Ama Ajeerna = Food intolerance / Gastroparesis
• Vishtabdha Ajeerna = Paralytic ileus / Constipation
• Vidagdha Ajeerna = GERD / Acid dyspepsia
• Investigations: Gastroscopy, H. pylori test, Gastric emptying scan

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1.3 ANAHA (Obstruction / Bloating)

"Malaanaam cha anilasya cha avarodhah anahah smritah" (Obstruction of feces and Vata is called Anaha)

• Intestinal obstruction (mechanical/functional)
• Ileus, Sub-acute intestinal obstruction
• Features: Abdominal distension, absence of flatus, constipation

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1.4 ADHMANA & ATOPA

• Vata pradhana condition
• "Sarvaangena udara sthitena vayuna spheetam udaram adhmaanam"

• "Atopo antrakujanam" - intestinal sounds

• Adhmana = Meteorism / Tympanites / Gaseous distension
• Atopa = Borborygmi / Hyperactive bowel sounds
• Both seen in IBS, aerophagy, intestinal obstruction

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TOPIC 2: CHHARDI (Vomiting)

• "Urdha marga pravrittihi chhardi" - upward movement of food/contents = vomiting

"Hridayam moolamaasthaya urdhvam aaharam aadiset" - Charaka Chikitsa 20/3 (Vomiting originates from the heart/stomach region pushing food upward)

• Vataja = Psychogenic vomiting / Reflex vomiting
• Pittaja = Bilious vomiting / Drug-induced vomiting
• Kaphaja = Vomiting due to gastritis / Gastroparesis
• Agantuja = Poisoning, motion sickness, morning sickness
• Vomiting center in medulla oblongata; CTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone) implicated

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TOPIC 3: AMLAPITTA (Hyperacidity / GERD)

• Amla = sour, Pitta = bile/digestive fire
• Vidagdha Pitta manifesting as sour, hot symptoms
• "Pitta vidagdham amlapitta"

• Guru, Amla, Ushna, Vidahi ahara
• Kshara, Lavana atisevana
• Divaswapna (day sleep), Krodha (anger)
• Viruddha ahara (incompatible foods)

"Pitta dosha prakopa → Amla bhava utpatti → Antragni dushana → Amlapitta"

"Hritkanthe amlodgara daha trishna arochakam jvara" "Gauravam chhardi kasa cha shvasashcha amlalitte bhavet" - Madhava Nidana 51 (Features of Amlapitta: sour belching, burning in heart/throat, thirst, anorexia, fever, heaviness, vomiting, cough, dyspnea)

• Urdhvaga Amlapitta: Upward direction - vomiting, nausea, sour belching
• Adhoga Amlapitta: Downward direction - loose stools, burning abdomen

• Amlodgara (sour belching)
• Avipaka (dyspepsia)
• Tiktodgara (bitter belching)
• Hrit-kantha daha (heartburn)
• Arochaka (anorexia)
• Trishna (thirst)

• Urdhvaga Amlapitta = GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
• Adhoga Amlapitta = Peptic Ulcer Disease / Duodenitis
• H. pylori infection as major etiological factor
• Investigations: Endoscopy, Barium swallow, pH manometry
• Treatment parallel: PPIs = Amla-pitta shamana drugs (Amalaki, Shatavari)

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TOPIC 4: SHOOLA (Abdominal Pain / Colic)

• "Vedana vishesha shoola" - a type of pain, predominantly Vata-dominant

"Vayu prakupito deham sarvam aakramya tishthati" "Sarvashoole visha vishvak shoola krid bahu vedanaah" - Charaka Nidana 5/3 (Aggravated Vata spreading throughout body causes various types of pain)

• Shoola broadly = Abdominal pain syndromes
• Vataja = Spasmodic/Colicky pain (Renal colic, Biliary colic)
• Pittaja = Inflammatory pain (Cholecystitis, PUD)
• Kaphaja = Dull aching pain (Functional)

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TOPIC 5: ATISARA & PRAVAHIKA

5.1 ATISARA (Diarrhea)

• "Drava saakam ati saranam atisara" - excessive passage of liquid stool

"Drave sakam atisaranam atisarah sa saptadha" - Charaka Chikitsa 19/5 (Diarrhea with liquid stools is of 7 types)

"Trasa dura adhvagamanaat vegodavartanat tatha" "Vishama bhojanaad vishtambhaat sanchayadrohinam cha tat" - (Nidana of Atisara)

• Angamarda (bodyache)
• Agnimandya
• Arochaka
• Adhmana

• Vataja = Secretory/Osmotic diarrhea
• Pittaja = Bacterial dysentery / Inflammatory bowel disease
• Kaphaja = Malabsorption syndrome (Celiac, Tropical sprue)
• Sannipataja = Cholera / Severe gastroenteritis
• Investigations: Stool culture, Colonoscopy, CBC

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5.2 PRAVAHIKA (Dysentery)

• "Pravalana bahu moolam Pravahika" - straining at stool with mucus/blood

"Sakshad rakta picchila alpa alpa malam muhuh muhuh" "Pravatam pravahika syad daha kriccha vyathaa saha" (Frequent, small, slimy, bloody stools with burning and straining = Pravahika)

• Pravahika = Dysentery (Bacillary + Amoebic)
• Features = tenesmus, mucus in stool, blood (Raktaja type)
• Bacillary: Shigella (Pittaja); Amoebic: Entamoeba histolytica
• Investigations: Stool microscopy, Culture, Sigmoidoscopy

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TOPIC 6: VISUCHIKA, ALASAKA, VILAMBIKA

6.1 VISUCHIKA

• Visu = all sides, Chika = pain - pain spreading in all directions
• "Sarvatah shoola Visuchika"

• Sudden severe abdominal pain
• Vomiting and diarrhea simultaneously
• Rice-water stools (Toya meha vat mala)
• Extreme weakness, dehydration

"Visuchika visadrisa shula-chhardi-pravahika" "Trishnaa bhrama moorchha cha tanu mala vibandhanam" (Visuchika: pain, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, giddiness, unconsciousness)

• Rice-water stools = Tanumala
• Rapid dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
• Treatment: IV fluids, ORS, Antibiotics

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6.2 ALASAKA

• Alasa = sluggish; obstruction with stasis
• "Mala avirodhena alasaka" - obstruction of stool with sluggishness

• Distension of abdomen
• No passage of flatus/stool
• Heaviness, lethargy
• Slow-moving disease

• Post-operative ileus
• Electrolyte imbalance-induced ileus

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6.3 VILAMBIKA

• Slow-acting, insidious condition with Kapha and Vata involvement
• Undigested food remains in GIT for long

• Heaviness after eating
• Nausea, vomiting
• Slow digestion

• Diabetic gastroparesis
• Post-vagotomy gastroparesis

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TOPIC 7: MUTRAKRICHHRA (Dysuria)

• Mutra = urine, Krichhra = difficulty
• "Krichhrena mutram = Mutrakrichhra" - difficulty/pain in urination

"Bahumootram alpa mootram saraktam sa vinaam malam" "Kricchrad vinmootram Mutrakrichhra taduchyate" - Charaka Nidana 26/4 (Difficult, painful urination with or without blood = Mutrakrichhra)

• Bahumutrata (frequency)
• Daha (burning)
• Vedana (pain in lower abdomen)

• Vataja = Urethral stricture, Neurogenic bladder
• Pittaja = Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) - E. coli most common
• Kaphaja = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
• Ashmari-ja = Renal/Ureteric calculi
• Investigations: Urine R/M, Culture & Sensitivity, USG KUB, IVU

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TOPIC 8: MUTRAGHATA (Urinary Obstruction / Retention)

• Ghata = complete obstruction
• "Muhur muhur alpa alpam mootram kricchrena vaa na vaa sravet"
• Severe obstruction or complete cessation of urine

• 13 types described: Vatakunchita, Vatavasti, Mutratita, Mutrajathara, Mutrasanga, Mutragranthi, Ushnavata, Vidvighataka, Mutraashteela, Mutrashukra, Mutrakshaya, Mutraatipravritti, Vastikundala

"Muhur muhur nisthulatam alpam kriche vaa" "Mutram sravet shoolavata yutam Mutraghata" - Sushruta Nidana 7

• Mutrashteela - Stone-like enlargement blocking urethra = BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
• Ashmari - Urinary calculi
• Mutrakshaya - Decreased urine = Oliguria/Anuria
• Vastikundala - Twisted/kinked ureter

• Mutraghata = Urinary Retention / Obstructive Uropathy
• Mutrashteela = BPH (commonest in elderly men)
• Ashmari = Nephrolithiasis (Calcium oxalate most common)
• Investigations: USG KUB, Cystoscopy, IVP, CT scan KUB, PSA for prostate

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TOPIC 9: SHWASA (Dyspnea / Respiratory Distress)

• "Chesta bhangah shwasanam shwasa" - disorder of normal breathing

"Pratamyati tamah pashyan kapha avrita anilo yada" "Griveam shirah cha aakunchya shvasyati graha peeditavat" "Ghoram shvasamiti praaha tamakam tam dwija uttamah" - Charaka Chikitsa 17/62 (When Vata is obstructed by Kapha, patient gasps, bends neck and head, breathes with great effort = Tamaka Shwasa)

"Shaityaat varna virodhaat vaa pradushtasya ca bheshajaat" "Tamako Vatajam proktam kaphena cha avritah cha sah" - Madhava Nidana 12 (Cold, wrong treatment, vitiated Vata covered by Kapha = Tamaka Shwasa)

• Vata + Kapha prakopa → Pranavaha srotas dushana → Kapha blocking airways → Bronchospasm → Shwasa

• Hridayam spandana (palpitation)
• Peenasa (rhinitis)
• Pratishyaya (catarrh)
• Angamarda (bodyache)

• Tamaka Shwasa investigations: Spirometry (FEV1/FVC < 70%), Peak flow meter, IgE, Eosinophilia
• Treatment parallel: Vasa (Adhatoda vasica) = Vasicine = Bronchodilator (Bromhexine precursor)

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TOPIC 10: KASA (Cough)

• "Uras tad uddharanam kaasa" - expulsion of air from chest

"Vayu udgirna svanam kasa" - (cough is sound produced by expelled Vata)

Kshayaja Kasa Shloka: "Praseka shiroruk kapha rakta peejitah" "Shyavaarunam muhuh kasa kshata kasodbhavam" - Madhava Nidana 11 (Excessive salivation, headache, Kapha and blood in cough = Kshayaja/Rajayakshma)

• Vataja Kasa = Viral URTI, Dry cough
• Pittaja Kasa = Bacterial bronchitis, Pneumonia
• Kaphaja Kasa = Chronic bronchitis, COPD
• Kshayaja Kasa = Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Rajayakshma)
• Kshataja Kasa = Bronchiectasis, Lung abscess
• Investigations: CXR, Sputum AFB, CBNAAT, CT chest

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TOPIC 11: JWARA (Fever)

• "Santapah sarvadeshasya sharirasya mano yantrana"
• "Jwaro rogaanaam raja" - King of all diseases (Charaka Chikitsa 3)
• Both body and mind are affected

"Santapah sarvadehasya manoyatnana tatha" "Jwaro rogaanaam adhipo nrinam raja iva prabhuh" - Charaka Chikitsa 3/5 (Fever is the king of all diseases as king rules over subjects)

"Aama jwara lakshana:" "Daurbalyam arochakam sraava vishama agni tatha" "Vishtambhah krupata gauravamiti ama jvara lakshana" (Weakness, anorexia, irregular digestion, constipation, heaviness = Ama Jwara features)

• Vishama Jwara = Malaria (specific fever patterns)
• Santata Jwara = Typhoid fever
• Agantuja Jwara = Sepsis, viral fevers
• Investigations: CBC, MP smear, Widal test, Blood culture, NS1 antigen (Dengue)

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TOPIC 12: MASURIKA & ROMANTIKA

12.1 MASURIKA (Smallpox - Eradicated / Chickenpox)

• Masurika = eruptions resembling Masura (lentil seeds)
• Pustular skin eruptions with fever

"Masura matra vistirnaa nimnaa madhye vipakva cha" "Ati kanda phala sphotan masoorikaa" (Eruptions the size of masur lentil, depressed in center, ripe = Masurika)

• Prodromal fever
• Maculopapular → vesicular → pustular rash
• Centrifugal distribution (face → trunk → limbs)
• Pitted scars

• Masurika = Smallpox (Variola) - now eradicated
• Clinically resembles Chickenpox (Varicella zoster)
• Distinguishing features: Smallpox - all lesions same stage; Chickenpox - different stages simultaneously

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12.2 ROMANTIKA

• Small papular eruptions
• Associated with fever, itching
• Mild form, self-limiting

• Romantika = Measles (Rubeola) / Rubella
• Maculopapular rash with fever and catarrhal symptoms

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TOPIC 13: RAKTAPITTA (Hemorrhagic Disorders)

• "Pittena raktam dushtam raktapittam" - vitiated blood due to Pitta = bleeding

"Raktapitta mukhaat naasaat shiraat paayoh tathaiva cha" "Nabhitah pakvashayaccha stribhyah shrotraat tathaiva cha" "Dasha dvaaraat pravartate" - Charaka Nidana 2/3 (Bleeding from mouth, nose, ears, anus, urethra, vagina = 10 orifices in Raktapitta)

• Katu, Amla, Lavana atisevana
• Ushna, Viruddha ahara
• Atapa (sun exposure)
• Pitta prakopaka factors

• Raktapitta broadly = Hemorrhagic diathesis
• Urdhvaga = Hemoptysis (TB, malignancy), Epistaxis, Hematemesis (peptic ulcer)
• Adhoga = Lower GI bleed, Hematuria
• Tiryaggami = DIC, Thrombocytopenia, Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
• Investigations: CBC, BT/CT, PT/APTT, Platelet count, Endoscopy

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TOPIC 14: SHOTHA (Edema)

• "Shotha sharira ekadeshena sarvenapi va" - swelling of part or whole body

"Sharire ekadeshena sarvenapi va medata" "Tad vata pittajam kaphaja sannipaataja cha" - Charaka Nidana 9 (Swelling of part or all body is of Vata, Pitta, Kapha or Sannipataja type)

• Kaphaja Shotha = Pitting edema - Cardiac failure, Nephrotic syndrome, Hepatic cirrhosis
• Pittaja Shotha = Inflammatory edema - Cellulitis, Abscess
• Vataja Shotha = Lymphedema - Filariasis (Shleepada)
• Investigations: LFT, KFT, Echo, CBC, Serum proteins, Urine R/M

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TOPIC 15: KAMALA (Jaundice / Liver Diseases)

• "Haridra netra tvak mutra varchasam Kamala" - yellowness of eyes, skin, urine, stool

"Harinetra nakha varna tvak peetata kamala smrta" "Dvidhaa shakhaaashrita chaiva koshthaashrita tathaa" - Charaka Nidana 5/18 (Yellowness of eyes, nails, skin = Kamala; Two types - Shakhashrita and Koshtashrita)

• Pitta prakopa nidana
• Ushna, Amla, Katu ahara
• Pittaja vyadhis, Pandu (anemia)

• Investigations: LFT (Bilirubin - direct/indirect), USG abdomen, ERCP, Liver biopsy
• Viral hepatitis (A, B, C) - Agantuja Kamala

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TOPIC 16: UDARA ROGA (Ascites / Abdominal Disorders)

• "Prasritaa vata mutreeva yat shotha udare bhavet" - distension/swelling of abdomen = Udara

"Udare shvayathu yastad udaram nama tad bhavet" "Ashtadha tat bhavati dosha karma visha samshrayaat" - Charaka Nidana 13/7 (Swelling in abdomen = Udara; 8 types due to doshas, actions and toxins)

• Udara vriddhi (abdominal enlargement)
• Nabhi vishramana (protruding umbilicus)
• Peenasa (respiratory difficulty)
• Fluid thrill positive

• Jalodara = Ascites (Cirrhosis, Portal hypertension, Malignancy)
• Plihodara = Portal hypertension with Splenomegaly
• Chidrodara = Intestinal perforation with peritonitis
• Investigations: USG abdomen, Ascitic fluid analysis (SAAG), LFT, Portal pressure

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TOPIC 17: KUSHTHA (Skin Diseases)

• "Tridosha dushita tvak mamsam cha Kushtha"
• Involvement of 7 constituents (3 doshas + Tvak, Rakta, Mamsa, Lasika)

"Vata pitta kaphaa dosha tvak ca rako lasika mamsa" "Saptanaam dosha dushyanam sannipato hi kusthatam" - Charaka Chikitsa 7/10 (Kushtha is formed by combination of all 7 - three doshas + skin, blood, fluid, flesh)

MAHA KUSHTHA (7 Major/Serious):

KSHUDRA KUSHTHA (11 Minor):

"Nindita annam viruddham cha guru sheeta ati maithunam" "Divaaswapnam vegadharanam malinaam cha nishevitam" - Charaka Nidana 5/4 (Prohibited foods, incompatible food, heavy/cold food, excess sex, day sleep, suppressing urges, unclean habits = Kushtha nidana)

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TOPIC 18: SHWITRA (Vitiligo / Leucoderma)

• "Shvetabha tvak discoloration = Shwitra" - whitish discoloration of skin

"Tvak shveta manda kandu alpa roma tvagdosha samkula" "Shvitram iti procyate vaidyaih tri dosha udbhava" - Madhava Nidana 49 (White skin with mild itching, sparse hair = Shwitra; tri-dosha origin)

• Daruna Shwitra - Pitta dominant, spreading, prognostic worse
• Aruna Shwitra - Vata dominant, red/copper-hued patches
• Kilasa/Asitha Shwitra - Less severe forms

"Snigdhah shvitro vyapino dusta varna" - extensive, spreading, dull white = bad prognosis

• Shwitra = Vitiligo (Leucoderma)
• Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes
• Type: Non-segmental (more common) and Segmental
• Investigations: Wood's lamp examination (fluorescent white), Skin biopsy (absence of melanocytes)
• Association with thyroid disorders, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia

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TOPIC 19: SHEETAPITTA (Urticaria)

• Sheeta = cold, Pitta = heat; paradoxical combination
• "Pitta aavrita vata sheetapita janayed bahih"
• Vata covered by Pitta externally causing urticaria

"Sheetasparsha iva sheetasparsha daha kandu mishritam" "Kota shotha sarva dehe sheetapitta prakirtitam" - Madhava Nidana 50 (Cold sensation + burning + itching + wheals all over body = Sheetapitta)

• Kotha (wheals/hives)
• Kandu (itching)
• Daha (burning)
• Toda (pricking pain)
• Deha gaurava (heaviness)

• Sheeta (cold exposure)
• Kita damsha (insect bite)
• Viruddha ahara (incompatible food)
• Visha (toxins/allergens)

• Sheetapitta = Urticaria (Hives)
• Type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated)
• Mast cell degranulation → Histamine release → Wheal and flare
• Cold urticaria (Sheeta nidana)
• Cholinergic urticaria
• Investigations: Allergy testing, IgE levels, CBC (Eosinophilia)

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TOPIC 20: VISARPA (Spreading Skin Infection / Erysipelas)

• "Sarpatiti Visarpa" - spreading disease
• Rapid spreading cutaneous inflammation

"Tridoshena tu sarpanam visarpa iti samjnita" "Sapta prakara bhavanti vinaa pitta pradhana hi" - Charaka Chikitsa 21/4 (Visarpa by all three doshas, 7 types, Pitta dominant form more serious)

• Pittaja Visarpa = Erysipelas (Group A Streptococcus)
• Agneya Visarpa = Herpes Zoster (Varicella-zoster virus)
• Kardama Visarpa = Gas gangrene / Necrotizing fasciitis
• Granthi Visarpa = Lymphangitis / Lymphadenitis

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TOPIC 21: RAJAYAKSHMA & SHOSHA (Tuberculosis / Wasting)

• Rajayakshma = King of diseases (Raja = King, Yaksha = demon)
• "Yakshmanam rajaa iti rajayakshma" - most dreadful disease

"Shoka kshata vishamashana vegodavartanaat" "Kshyayaat cha raja yakshma syaat panchetey nidanani" - Charaka Nidana 6/5 (Grief, injury, improper food, suppression of urges, overexertion = 5 causes of Rajayakshma)

"Shiro ruk pratishyayah kaasacha jwara eva cha" "Vit sangah svarabheda shcha raktam peenasanaat kashat" "Parshvaruk bhakta dwesha chhandorodhashcha kaaritah" "Shosha syur ekadasha yo rajayakshma samsrayah" - Charaka Nidana 6/7

1. Shiroruk (headache)
2. Pratishyaya (coryza)
3. Kasa (cough)
4. Jwara (fever - evening rise)
5. Vibandha (constipation)
6. Svarabheda (hoarseness)
7. Raktanishthivana (hemoptysis)
8. Peenasa (nasal discharge)
9. Parshvaruk (chest pain)
10. Bhaktadwesha (anorexia)
11. Shandro Rodha (loss of libido)

• Rajayakshma = Pulmonary Tuberculosis (MTB - Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
• Evening fever with night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
• Shosha = Wasting / Cachexia
• Investigations: Sputum AFB smear, CBNAAT (GeneXpert), TST (Mantoux), IGRA, CXR (Ghon's focus, cavitation)
• Treatment: RNTCP/NTEP - HRZE regimen

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TOPIC 22: OBESITY - ASHTANINDITA (Atisthaulya)

• One of 8 condemned body types (Ashtanindita)
• "Atisthaulya" - excessive fatness

"Ati sthaulya ati karshya ati khara tvak ati mrudu tvak" "Ati deergha ati hrasva ati krishna ati gaura chashtau nindita purushaa smrtaa" - Charaka Sutrasthana 21/3 (8 condemned types: excessively fat, thin, rough-skinned, soft-skinned, tall, short, dark, fair)

"Medah mamsaati vriddhanaam sariry anu pavishtataam" "Swasam kasa jwara trishna na hi atyarthava tishthate" - Charaka Sutrasthana 21/9 (Excessive fat and muscle = obesity causing dyspnea, cough, fever, thirst, inability to sit/stand normally)

• Ayushyahras (reduced lifespan)
• Javasaad (lack of energy)
• Daurgandhya (foul smell)
• Swedabhilasha (excessive sweating)
• Kshudha atimatra (excessive hunger)
• Trishna (excessive thirst)
• Nidra (excessive sleep)
• Medorogas (metabolic disorders)

• WHO definition: BMI > 30 = Obese
• Metabolic syndrome: Hypertension + Dyslipidemia + Hyperglycemia + Obesity
• Investigations: BMI, Waist circumference, Lipid profile, FBS, TSH

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TOPIC 23: AMAVATA (Rheumatoid Arthritis)

• Ama = incompletely digested metabolite + Vata
• "Vikrita amena sa Vata amavata"

"Nishchala viruddha ati snigdha bhojanam" "Mandagni cha visheshena amavaatasya karanam" - Madhava Nidana 25/1 (Sedentary lifestyle, incompatible food, excessive unctuous food, weak digestive fire = Amavata cause)

"Ama dosha vikara yah srotasi sanjata" "Sangrahana vyapohena visthita sarva sandhishu" "Kapha ama sarvaangha grhita sandhishu sanchita" "Amavata iti proktam tad grihnati sandhi sarvagan" - Madhava Nidana 25 (Ama obstructs channels, deposits in all joints → Amavata)

• Sandhi shotha (joint swelling)
• Sandhi vedana (joint pain)
• Sandhi sthambha (joint stiffness - morning)
• Jvara (fever)
• Angamarda (generalized bodyache)
• Alasya (fatigue)
• Apaka (indigestion)

• Hast-padam (hands and feet)
• Shira (head)
• Gulpha (ankles)
• Janu (knees)
• Kati (lumbar)
• All joints symmetrically

• Amavata = Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
• Autoimmune synovitis
• Symmetric polyarthritis, morning stiffness > 1 hour
• RF (Rheumatoid Factor), Anti-CCP antibodies
• ESR, CRP elevated
• X-ray: Juxta-articular osteoporosis, joint erosions
• Treatment parallel: Shodhan (Virechana) = Disease-modifying therapy

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TOPIC 24: VATARAKTA (Gout)

• Vata + Rakta dushti
• "Vata rakta samutthena sandhi roga Vatarakta"

"Pani pada shiraa saktim iti praahurmaneeshinah" "Vata rakta samshrayo yah savishesha lakshanam" - Charaka Chikitsa 29/3 (Vatarakta primarily affects hands, feet, veins with specific features)

• Amla, Lavana, Katu, Guru, Vidahi ahara
• Masha (black gram) excessive intake
• Alkohol (Sura) intake
• Divaswapna
• Viruddha Ahara

• Kandu (itching), Daha (burning), Toda (pricking)
• Raga (redness)

• Shotha, severe vedana, joint deformity

"Vatena paadam hanti vakratam cha prayachhati" "Rakta vitam daha toda raga ruk sandhi vartanam" - Charaka Chikitsa 29 (Vata causes foot deformity; Rakta causes burning, pricking, redness, pain in joints)

• Vatarakta = Gout (Hyperuricemia)
• Deposition of Monosodium Urate crystals in joints
• First MTP joint (podagra) most commonly affected
• Acute gout: Red, hot, swollen, extremely tender first toe
• Tophi = Granthi (chalky deposits)
• Investigations: Serum Uric Acid (>7 mg/dL male, >6 mg/dL female), Synovial fluid (needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals), 24-hr urine Uric Acid
• Treatment: Colchicine (acute), Allopurinol (prophylaxis)

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TOPIC 25: DISEASES OF BONE, JOINTS & MUSCLES

25.1 SANDHIVATA (Osteoarthritis)

"Vata vriddhir eva vatala purisha harit" "Sandhi shoola sandhi sthambha cha sandhivata lakshana" - Madhava Nidana 22 (Vata accumulation in joints with pain, stiffness, crepitus = Sandhivata)

• Age-related degenerative joint disease
• Weight-bearing joints: Knee > Hip > Spine
• Morning stiffness < 30 min (vs RA > 1 hour)
• X-ray: Joint space narrowing, Osteophytes, Subchondral sclerosis

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25.2 ASTHI MAJJA GATA VATA

"Asthi shula mamsa shulam cha sandhi shoola bhrisham" "Krusha asaktah parva bheda cha asthi majja gata vata lakshana" (Bone pain, muscle pain, joint pain, emaciation, wasting = Asthi Majja Gata Vata)

• Osteoporosis: Vata depletes Asthi dhatu
• Investigations: DEXA scan (BMD), Serum Calcium, ALP

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QUICK REFERENCE TABLE - MODERN CORRELATIONS

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KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER FOR EXAM

PANCHA NIDANA (5 Methods of Diagnosis):

"Nidanam purvarupa rupa upasayam samprapti cha" "Etani pancha nidana iti proktani vedibhih" - Madhava Nidana 1/4

1. Nidana - Causative factors (Hetu)
2. Purvarupa - Prodromal symptoms
3. Rupa - Cardinal signs & symptoms
4. Upashaya - Therapeutic test (drug/diet/regimen that relieves)
5. Samprapti - Pathogenesis (complete chain of disease formation)

SAMPRAPTI GHATAKAS (Components of Pathogenesis):

• Dosha (Vata/Pitta/Kapha)
• Dushya (tissue affected)
• Srotas (channel affected)
• Agni (digestive fire status)
• Adhisthana (site of disease)
• Vyakti (manifestation)
• Prakriti (nature of disease)

SHAT KRIYA KALA (6 Stages of Disease):

"Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthana Samshraya, Vyakti, Bheda"

1. Sanchaya - Accumulation
2. Prakopa - Aggravation
3. Prasara - Spread
4. Sthanasamshraya - Deposition
5. Vyakti - Manifestation
6. Bheda - Chronicity/Complication

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IMPORTANT SHLOKAS SUMMARY TABLE

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What's Covered (All 25+ Topics):

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• Every disease = Nidana + Purvarupa + Rupa + Samprapti + Modern correlation
• Learn the Panchanidana shloka and Shat Kriya Kala - these are asked in almost every paper
• For Rajayakshma: memorize the 11 features shloka - frequently asked
• For Shwasa: differentiate all 5 types, especially Tamaka Shwasa = Asthma
• For Kamala: Koshtashrita vs Shakhashrita distinction is a common long question
• For Amavata: Madhava Nidana nidana shloka + RA correlation always appears

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📚 RASASHASTRA EVAM BHAISHAJYA KALPANA - PAPER 1

Complete Exam Notes | BAMS 2nd Professional (NCISM Syllabus)

Paper 1: Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana Vigyana

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PAPER 1 TOPIC LIST (NCISM Official)

1. Chronological Development | 2. Paribhasha (Terminology) | 3. Rasa Yantra | 4. Agni & Puta | 5. Parada Samskaras | 6. Rasa Dravya Parichaya I (Parada, Gandhaka, etc.) | 7. Kalpana Nirmana I (Kashaya Kalpana) | 8. Rasa Dravya Parichaya II (Metals/Dhatu) | 9. Kalpana Nirmana II (Avaleha, Sneha, Sandhana) | 10. Rasa Dravya Parichaya III (Ratna/Uparatna) | 11. Kalpana Nirmana III (Vati, Bhasma, Kupipakva) | 12. Rasa Dravya Parichaya IV (Herbal single drugs) | 13. Aushadhi Prayoga Marga

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TOPIC 1: CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDIYA AUSHADHI NIRMANA

• "Rasam Rasa Vedah Rasashastra" - Science dealing with Rasa (Mercury) and all metallic-mineral preparations
• Bhaishajya Kalpana - Science of formulation of medicines (Aushadhi Nirmana)

• Rasa Ratna Samucchaya - Vagbhatacharya (most referenced)
• Rasarnava - detailed Parada processing
• Rasa Hridaya Tantra - by Govindabhagavat

"Rasena sarvadeha poshanam Rasayanam"

• Dhatu pushti (nourishment of all tissues)
• Ayu vriddhi (longevity)
• Bala vriddhi (strength)
• Vyadhikshamatva (immunity)

• Ideal laboratory for preparing Rasa preparations
• Location: North/East facing, near water source
• Equipment: Dhamana, Mushti, Crucibles, Yantra
• Bheshajagara = Modern pharmacy/dispensary

• Rasashastra = Iatrochemistry / Chemo-pharmacology
• Bhaishajya Kalpana = Pharmaceutical Sciences
• India first to use metal-based medicines (before Paracelsus in Europe by centuries)

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TOPIC 2: PARIBHASHA (TERMINOLOGY)

Important Definitions:

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Dravya Classification - Varga Paribhasha:

RASA (Mercury group - 8):

"Parada hingula chapala rasaka sasyaka chaiva" "Shilajatu maakshika vishuddha ashtau rasah proktah" - RRS

1. Parada (Mercury)
2. Hingula (Cinnabar - HgS)
3. Chapala/Chapalika (Native bismuth)
4. Rasaka (Sphalerite - ZnS)
5. Sasyaka (Blue vitriol - CuSO₄.5H₂O)
6. Shilajatu (Asphaltum)
7. Makshika (Chalcopyrite - CuFeS₂)
8. Vimala (Iron pyrite)

MAHARASA (8 Great minerals):

"Abhraka makshika vimala chapala shilajatu haematala" "Rasakam sasyakam chaiva maharasaah ashtou"

1. Abhraka (Mica)
2. Makshika (Chalcopyrite)
3. Vimala (Iron pyrite)
4. Chapala
5. Shilajatu
6. Haratala (Orpiment - As₂S₃)
7. Rasaka
8. Sasyaka

UPARASA (8 Sub-minerals):

1. Gandhaka (Sulfur)
2. Gairika (Red Ochre - Fe₂O₃)
3. Kasisa (Green vitriol - FeSO₄.7H₂O)
4. Kankshi (Alum - KAl(SO₄)₂.12H₂O)
5. Haratala (Orpiment)
6. Manahshila (Realgar - As₄S₄)
7. Anjana (Antimony/Kohl)
8. Kampillaka (Kamala plant resin)

DHATU VARGA (7 Metals):

"Suvarna rajatam tamram loham vanga naga yashada" "Saptadhatu prithak proktah purana tantra vit tamah"

1. Swarna (Gold - Au)
2. Rajata (Silver - Ag)
3. Tamra (Copper - Cu)
4. Loha (Iron - Fe)
5. Vanga (Tin - Sn)
6. Naga (Lead - Pb)
7. Yashada (Zinc - Zn)

RATNA VARGA (Gems - 9 Navratna):

1. Vajra (Diamond)
2. Manikya (Ruby)
3. Mukta (Pearl)
4. Pravala (Coral)
5. Pushparaga (Topaz)
6. Nila (Sapphire)
7. Gomeda (Hessonite garnet)
8. Vaidurya (Cats eye/Chrysoberyl)
9. Marakata (Emerald)

SUDHA VARGA (Calcareous group):

• Sudha (Lime - CaCO₃)
• Shankha (Conch shell)
• Shukti (Oyster shell)
• Kaparda (Cowries)
• Godanti (Gypsum - CaSO₄.2H₂O)
• Samudraphena (Cuttlefish bone)
• Kukkutanda Twak (Eggshell)

LAVANA VARGA (Salt group):

1. Saindhava (Rock salt - NaCl)
2. Sauvarchala (Sochal salt)
3. Vida (Vida salt)
4. Audbhida (Spring salt)
5. Samudra (Sea salt)
6. Romaka (Romaka salt)
7. Pakya (Table salt)

"Saindhavam sauvarchalada vida audbhida romakam" "Panchlavana iti proktam" (5 important salts)

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TOPIC 3: RASA YANTRA (Laboratory Equipment)

• Yantra = instrument/apparatus used in Rasa preparations

1. YANTRA (Mechanical apparatus) - 8 types:

"Swedana patana dolayana bhudhara jarana" "Koshti dhama mushti chaiva yantra ashtau parikirtitah" - RRS 9/1

2. MUSHA (Crucibles) - Types:

3. KOSHTI (Furnaces) - Types:

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TOPIC 4: AGNI (FIRE) & PUTA (INCINERATION)

AGNI - Types used in Rasashastra:

"Jaluka gomaya kanda kashtha angara kapota" "Suryagni chandragni vidyut chakra puta agni bhavet" - Various types of fire in Rasashastra

Types of Agni:

1. Kashthamaya Agni - Wood fire (common preparations)
2. Angara Agni - Charcoal fire (even/sustained heat)
3. Gomaya Agni - Cow dung cake fire (Bhasma final puta)
4. Kandasara Agni - Bulb/tuber fire (Puta for specific drugs)
5. Surya Agni - Sunlight focused (Pishti preparation)
6. Chandra Agni - Moonlight (subtle preparations)
7. Vishwa Agni - Universal fire (metaphysical)

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PUTA - Definition & Types:

• "Samskara vishesha putanam" - a specific process of incineration
• Puta = controlled, graduated heating to convert metals/minerals into Bhasma (ash)

• Shodhana (purification)
• Marana (incineration → Bhasma)
• Remove toxicity
• Enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy

TYPES OF PUTA - By size/heat:

"Sahasra gomayopalaih gaja putam vidhiyate" (1000 cow dung cakes = Gaja Puta)

"Panchashat gomayopalaih vara puta udahritam" (500 cow dung cakes = Vara/Vari Puta)

BHASMA PARIKSHA (Tests for Bhasma quality):

"Varitara rekhapurnatva nishchandratva nirdhoomata" "Slakshnatva tamram shundaratva nirgurutva cha" - Rasa Ratna Samucchaya (Bhasma should be: float on water, fill fingerprint ridges, non-lustrous, smokeless, smooth, non-heavy)

• Puta = Controlled calcination/incineration
• Bhasma = Nano-particles (10-50 nm range confirmed by TEM, XRD studies)
• Apunarbhava = Irreversible physico-chemical transformation
• Varitara test correlates with nano-particle formation (surface hydrophobicity)

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TOPIC 5: PARADA (MERCURY) - SAMSKARAS & PROCESSING

Parada - Introduction:

"Sara parada sara guru sitam tikshnam cha vishyandi" "Sukshma yogavaahi rasayanakaraka cha" - RRS 2/1 (Mercury: heavy, cold, sharp, flowing, subtle, Yoga-vahi, Rasayana)

"Yoge gunaanupaaditvaat Yogavahi"

• Takes on the qualities of the substance it is processed with
• Mercury alone is dangerous; processed with herbs/minerals it becomes therapeutic

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PARADA SHODHANA (Purification of Mercury):

"Saindhavena nimburasena gomutrena cha bhavitam" "Mardayitvaa trinaam ksharam parada shudhyati" - RRS (Mercury is purified by triturating with rock salt, lemon juice, cow urine, and alkali of grasses)

1. Dolayantra method - Mercury in cloth tied and suspended in Kanji (sour liquid) - heated
2. Nirjali limbu rasa - Trituration with lemon juice
3. Saindhava + Sursaa - Rock salt + Tulasi method
4. Gomutra method - Cow urine processing

• With specific herbal juices (Bhavana)
• Removes Naisargika Dosha (inherent toxins)

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ASHTA PARADA SAMSKARAS (8 Purificatory Processes):

"Svedana mardanam moorchha utthapana patana rodhana" "Niyamana deepanam chaiva ashta samskara parikirtitah" - Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 2/10

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PARADA GUNA (Properties - 8 qualities of ideal Parada):

"Kapota varna madhura snigdha guru pishitabha" "Sthira deepta bala varna ashtau gunah parasya" - RRS (Dove-colored, sweet smell, unctuous, heavy, flesh-like, stable, lustrous, potency-enhancing = 8 qualities of good Parada)

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PARADA DOSHA (Defects - 7 major defects):

"Naaga vanga abhrika chapali gairi sasya doshitah" "Sapta dosha parado syadeva khalena samskrtah" - RRS 2/15

"Apakva graham peetam cha parado hanti jeevitam" (Raw/unprocessed mercury, if consumed, destroys life)

• Mercury toxicity: Minamata disease, Acrodynia
• Organic vs. Inorganic mercury toxicity (methylmercury most toxic)
• Shodhana removes: sulfur compounds, heavy metal impurities
• Processed Hg Bhasma shows: altered bioavailability, reduced toxicity (modern studies)

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TOPIC 6: RASA DRAVYA PARICHAYA I

GANDHAKA (Sulfur)

"Gandhakam tikshna ushnam laghu ruksha katuka sara" "Krimighna kushthahara rasayana cha" - RRS (Sulfur: sharp, hot, light, dry, pungent, anti-parasitic, skin-healing, Rasayana)

"Goghrita snigdha pute shodhitam gandhakam"

• Melted with ghee, filtered through cloth
• Removes impurities (Pitta increasing dravyas)

1. Shveta Gandhaka (White sulfur) - Best quality
2. Peeta Gandhaka (Yellow sulfur) - Common
3. Rakta Gandhaka (Red sulfur) - Monoclinic form
4. Krishna Gandhaka (Black sulfur) - Impure form

• Kushtha (skin diseases) - Gandhaka Rasayana classic formulation
• Krimi (worm infestations)
• Pandu (anemia)
• Vatarakta (Gout)
• Shvitra (Vitiligo)

• Sulfur compounds = Keratolytic + Antifungal + Antibacterial
• Used in Scabies (topical sulfur 5-10%)
• Sulfonamides - derived from Sulfur
• Colloidal sulfur in dermatology

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HINGULA (Cinnabar - Red Mercuric Sulfide)

• Triturated with Bhringaraj juice (Eclipta alba)
• Or heated in closed system, Parada separated by distillation

"Hingulam tiktam ushnam deepanam grahi" "Vishaharam krimighnam cha" (Bitter, hot, appetizer, absorbent, anti-toxic, anti-parasitic)

• Vishahara (antidote)
• Krimighna (antiparasitic)
• Deepana (digestive stimulant)
• External: Vrana (wounds)

"Hingula dhamana yantre nirdhuma patanam krtva" "Tasmat parada shuddhah prapyate" (Distillation of Hingula in Patana Yantra yields purified Parada)

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HARATALA (Orpiment - Arsenic Trisulfide)

"Nimbu rasa bhavitam haritalam suddham"

• Bhavana (levigation) with lemon juice
• Heating in closed vessel, sublimation

1. Pattra Haratala (leaf/foliaceous) - Best
2. Pinda Haratala (mass form)
3. Pakva Haratala (ripe form)

• Arsenic trisulfide
• Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) used in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia treatment (modern medicine)
• Shodhana reduces arsenic bioavailability

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MANAHSHILA (Realgar - Arsenic Disulfide)

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SHILAJATU (Asphaltum / Mineral Pitch)

"Girijantu udbhavam shilajatu" - exudate from rocks/mountains

1. Swarna Shilajatu - Gold bearing rocks, reddish
2. Rajata Shilajatu - Silver bearing, whitish
3. Tamra Shilajatu - Copper bearing, bluish
4. Loha Shilajatu - Iron bearing, blackish-brown (Most common = Asphaltum punjabianum)

"Shilajatu kashaya tikta ushnam katu vipaka laghu" "Mutrakrcchra prameha ashmariharam" (Astringent, bitter, hot, pungent post-digestion, light; cures dysuria, diabetes, stones)

• Dissolved in Triphala kwatha or cow urine
• Filtered, dried in sunlight

• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Mutrakrichhra (UTI)
• Ashmari (Urolithiasis)
• Rasayana (Rejuvenation)
• Medhya (Brain tonic)

• Fulvic acid = Antioxidant, Mitochondrial biogenesis stimulator
• Shilajit = Adaptogen
• Used in fatigue, cognitive decline, testosterone support (clinical trials)

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ABHRAKA (Mica - Biotite)

"Pinakam naga abhraka cha manduka vajra tatha" "Abhraka chaturvidham proktam vaidya tantra vit tamah"

1. Pinaka (Muscovite - White mica)
2. Naga (Biotite - Black mica) - Most commonly used
3. Manduka (Lepidolite - Violet mica)
4. Vajra (Phlogopite - Golden mica) - Best quality

"Vajrabhraka uttamam proktam naga madhyamam" (Vajra is best, Naga is medium quality)

• Heating and quenching (repeated) in Triphala kwatha, cow milk, sesame oil
• Called Nirvapa (quenching process)
• Usually 7, 21, or 100 times (Shata puti)

• Sahasra Puti Abhraka Bhasma = 1000 puta incineration
• One of the most processed medicines in Rasashastra

• Varitara (float on water)
• Rekhapurnatva
• Very light, silvery-grey powder

"Abhraka bhasma madhuram snigdha guru sheeta" "Rasayanam balakaram ojas vardhana" (Sweet, unctuous, heavy, cold; Rasayana, strength-giving, Ojas enhancing)

• Rajayakshma (TB) - Shvasahara
• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Pandu (Anemia)
• Rasayana (Rejuvenation)

• Silicates + Fe/Mg/K = Multiple mineral supplementation
• Nano-silica particles with anti-inflammatory properties
• Studies: Hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory

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MAKSHIKA (Chalcopyrite)

1. Swarna Makshika - Gold-colored (Cu-rich zone) → More like chalcopyrite
2. Rajata Makshika - Silver-colored

"Makshika tikshna ushna laghu deepana pachana" "Pittala krimighna rasayana" (Sharp, hot, light, digestive, Pitta-increasing, anti-parasitic, Rasayana)

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TOPIC 7: KALPANA NIRMANA I - PANCHAVIDHA KASHAYA KALPANA

Definition:

"Kashaya pancha vidha proktam vaidyaishcha aacharya sammitah" (Five types of preparations = Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana)

"Svarasam kalka kashaya sheeta phanta iti kramaat" "Dravyam kramat kathinyena paachyam dravya gunanusaram" - Sharangadhara Samhita 2/1/1 (Fresh juice, paste, decoction, cold infusion, hot infusion - in order of increasing hardness of drug)

Detailed Description:

• Direct expression from fresh plant
• Dose: 1 Pala (48 ml)
• Best for: Soft, succulent plants
• Preserves volatile principles
• Example: Tulasi swarasa, Guduchi swarasa

• Fine paste of fresh/dry drug with water
• Dose: 1/2 Pala (24 ml equivalent)
• Used as: Internal, external (Pralepa), component in Sneha Kalpana
• Kalka ratio in Sneha = 1/4 of Sneha quantity

• Drug: Water = 1:16 → reduced to 1:4 (3/4 evaporated)
• Coarse powder (Yavakuta) used
• Dose: 2 Pala (96 ml)
• Best for: Hard, woody drugs (bark, roots)
• Filter while hot
• Cannot be stored > 1 day (spoils)

"Shodasha gunam ambu dattva paadah shesha vaseshayet" (Add 16 parts water, reduce to 1/4 = Kwatha method)

• Drug soaked in 6 parts water overnight
• Strained in morning without heating
• Dose: 2 Pala (96 ml)
• For: Drugs with volatile/heat-labile principles
• Example: Chandana hima, Ushira hima

• Drug + boiling water, steeped for short time (not boiled)
• Ratio: Drug:Water = 1:4
• For: Aromatic drugs, leaves, flowers
• Example: Peppermint, Brahmi phanta

Upakalpana (Secondary Preparations from each):

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MATRA (Dose) - Panchavidha Kashaya:

• 1 Pala = 4 Karsha = 48 ml
• 1 Karsha = 12 ml
• 1 Tola = 12 gm

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TOPIC 8: RASA DRAVYA PARICHAYA II - METALS (DHATU VARGA)

SWARNA (Gold)

"Suvarna madhura sheeta snigdha guru rasayana" "Medhya balavardhana varna prada" - RRS (Sweet, cold, unctuous, heavy, Rasayana, brain tonic, strength-giving, complexion-enhancing)

• Patana in sesame oil or sour liquid
• Heating and quenching in Panchagavya or Triphala kwatha

• Foils beaten thin + Bhavana with Kulattha or mercury + Puta (Gaja Puta)
• Gold Bhasma = Nanogold particles

• Rasayana
• Hridya (cardiac tonic)
• Medhya (neuro-tonic)
• Balya (strength-giving)
• Ojovardhan (immunity)

• Gold nanoparticles: Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties
• Gold salts (Auranofin) used in Rheumatoid Arthritis (chrysotherapy)
• Gold colloids: Immunomodulatory

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RAJATA (Silver)

"Rajatam sheeta madhuram snigdha medhya rasayana" "Vata pitta haram vajikaranam cha" (Cold, sweet, unctuous, brain tonic, Rasayana; cures Vata-Pitta; aphrodisiac)

• Medhya (brain tonic)
• Hridya (cardiac)
• Rasayana
• Manas roga (mental disorders)
• Netra roga (eye diseases)

• Silver nanoparticles: Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
• Silver sulfadiazine = Wound care (burns)
• Colloidal silver: Anti-infective

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TAMRA (Copper)

"Tamram tikshna ushnam laghu katu deepana" "Kushtha pandu krimi vrana haram" (Sharp, hot, light, pungent, digestive; anti-skin disease, anti-anemia, anti-worm, wound-healing)

"Tamram dhamana yantre raktam nimbu rase kshipet" (Heat copper red-hot, quench in lemon juice 7x - basic Shodhana)

1. Heat copper sheet until red-hot
2. Quench in: Nimbu rasa (lemon), Tila taila (sesame), Takra (buttermilk), Gomutra (cow urine), Kanji (fermented gruel)
3. Repeated 7 times in each liquid

"Brahmi rasa bhavita tamra patra puta" (Tamra foil + Bhavana with herbal juices → Puta → Tamra Bhasma)

• Tanu (thin), Snigdha, Guduchi patra varna (greenish color)
• Must pass Nishchandratva (non-lustrous)

• Pandu (Anemia) - most imp
• Kushtha (Skin diseases)
• Yakritvikara (Liver disorders)
• Shotha (Edema)
• Krimi (Worm infestations)

• Copper deficiency = Anemia, Neutropenia, Bone disease
• Copper nanoparticles = Antimicrobial
• Tamra bhasma = Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) at nano-level

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LOHA (Iron)

"Loham tikshna ushnam ruksha laghu" "Pandu shvasa kasa arsha meha haram" (Sharp, hot, dry, light; cures anemia, dyspnea, cough, piles, diabetes)

1. Kanta Loha (Magnetite - Fe₃O₄) - magnetic, best quality
2. Tikshna Loha (Steel) - sharp
3. Munda Loha (Cast iron) - dull

• Loha mala (Rust of iron) = Ferric hydroxide (Fe₂O₃.H₂O)
• Softer than Loha; used for Pandu, Grahani

"Dhamana yantre raktibhutam trimala nirakrta" "Sour liquids: Triphala kwatha, Kanji, Tila taila - nirvapa (quenching) 7x"

• Loha Bhasma - classical Pandu treatment
• Mandur Bhasma - Pandu, Grahani
• Navayas Loha - Pandu churna
• Dhatri Loha - Pandu with Amalaki

• Loha = Iron (Fe) - essential for hemoglobin
• Loha Bhasma = Iron oxide nanoparticles
• Most important mineral in treating IDA (Iron Deficiency Anemia)
• Mandur = Rust = Fe₂O₃.H₂O - bioavailable form

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VANGA (Tin)

"Vangam sheeta guru madhuram snigdha" "Prameha shukradosha krimighna" (Cold, heavy, sweet, unctuous; cures diabetes, semen disorders, worms)

• Prameha (Diabetes, urinary disorders)
• Shukradosha (Semen disorders)
• Krimi (Worms)
• Vatarakta

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NAGA (Lead)

"Nagam guru snigdha ushnam krimi vrana kushtha haram" (Heavy, unctuous, hot; anti-worm, wound-healing, anti-skin disease)

• Melting + quenching in Kulattha kwatha, Triphala kwatha
• Repeated nirvapa 7x

• Lead toxicity: Lead encephalopathy, Burton's line
• Chelation therapy: EDTA for Lead poisoning
• Shodhana = Reduces lead bioavailability/toxicity

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YASHADA (Zinc)

"Yashadam ushnam tikshnam laghu katu ruksha" "Netra roga kushtha prameha haram" (Hot, sharp, light, pungent, dry; cures eye diseases, skin diseases, diabetes)

• Netra roga (Eye diseases) - very important
• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Kushtha (Skin)
• Praseka (excessive salivation)

• Zinc = Essential trace mineral; immune function, wound healing, taste/smell
• Zinc deficiency: Delayed wound healing, alopecia, hypogeusia
• Zinc sulfate: Eye drops (conjunctivitis)
• Zinc oxide: Topical emollient, sunscreen

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TOPIC 9: KALPANA NIRMANA II - ADVANCED PREPARATIONS

AVALEHA / LEHA (Confections / Electuaries)

"Sneha madhu sita yukto modaka leha avaleha iti"

• Semi-solid preparation for oral use with honey/sugar + ghee

1. Prepare Kwatha (decoction) of drugs
2. Add Sarkara (sugar) or Guda (jaggery) - Paka (concentration)
3. Three stages of sugar paka: Ekatara, Dvitara, Tritara
4. Add Prakshepa dravya (powders) at right consistency
5. Add Madhu (honey) + Ghrita (ghee) after removing from heat

"Madhyama paka - angulyoh grhitva tashlam tanute tat avaleha" (Middle stage - forms thread between fingers = correct consistency)

• Chyavanaprashavaleh (Chyavanaprasha) - Classic Rasayana
• Vasavaleh - for respiratory conditions
• Agastya Haritaki Avaleha - for Shwasa

"Dasha moolam cha dashaanga vrikshadala phalani cha" (Contains many roots, branches, leaves, fruits)

• Main drug: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis)
• Contains 49+ herbs
• Base: Sugar, Ghee, Sesame oil, Honey
• Rasayana for all ages

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SNEHA KALPANA (Fatty Preparations)

• Sneha = oily/fatty preparations
• Main medias: Ghrita (ghee) and Taila (oil)

"Kalka drava sneha manani catushpala dasapala dvisatpala" (Kalka : Drava : Sneha = 1 : 4 : 16 = Sharangadhara Samhita)

• Kalka (paste) : Drava (liquid) : Sneha = 1 : 4 : 16

"Avartanam = Repeated preparation using same base"

• Same oil prepared repeatedly (3x, 7x) with fresh drugs each time
• Increases potency: Tri-avartita = 3x prepared

• Brahmi Ghrita (medhya - brain tonic)
• Shatavari Ghrita (balya, rasayana)
• Panchaguna Taila (vata roga)
• Mahanarayan Taila (vatavyadhi)

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SANDHANA KALPANA (Fermented Preparations)

"Sandhana = fermentation"

• Preparations made by fermentation process

• Prakshepa dravya (Fermenting agents): Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa), Madhuka (honey), Guda (jaggery)
• Dhataki pushpa = Most important - facilitates fermentation

"Dhataki pushpam pakshepaartham niyojitam sandhane" (Dhataki flowers are the main fermenting agent in Asava-Arishta)

• Asava/Arishta = Fermented herbal wines
• Alcohol % = 5-10% (self-generated, unlike wine which is 12-14%)
• Fermentation produces: Organic acids, Enzymes, Vitamins, Bioavailable phytochemicals
• Dhataki = Yeast-like fermenting activity

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TOPIC 10: RASA DRAVYA PARICHAYA III - RATNA & UPARATNA

MUKTA (Pearl)

• Svedana in Kanji / Nimbu rasa / Gomutra

• Pishti = Ground with Gulab jal (rose water) on stone slab (no fire) - for Sheeta properties
• Bhasma = Puta method (Kapota Puta)

"Mukta sheeta madhura guru snigdha" "Hridya medhya netra roga nashaka rasayana" (Cold, sweet, heavy, unctuous; cardiac, brain tonic, eye diseases, Rasayana)

• Netra roga (Eye)
• Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)
• Jwara (Fever)
• Shosha (Wasting/TB)
• Rasayana

• CaCO₃ = Antacid (calcium carbonate antacid tablets)
• Pearl calcium = Highly bioavailable form
• Nacre research: Bone regeneration, wound healing

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PRAVALA (Coral)

• Pishti preferred (no fire) for Pitta conditions

"Pravalam madhura sheeta snigdha guru" "Pittahara raktastambha bhasma cha" (Sweet, cold, unctuous, heavy; Pitta-relieving, anti-bleeding)

• Amlapitta (GERD) - Pravala Pishti is first choice
• Raktapitta (Bleeding)
• Jwara (Fever - Pitta type)
• Netra roga

• Calcium carbonate = Antacid (rapid acid neutralization)
• Coral calcium research: Superior absorption vs. regular calcium
• Calcium + Magnesium: Bone health

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GODANTI (Gypsum)

• Shiroroga (Headache) - Godanti Bhasma is first choice
• Jwara (Fever)
• Raktapitta

• CaSO₄ = Plaster of Paris (dehydrated form)
• Calcium for bone health
• Calcium sulfate = Anti-inflammatory

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KAPARDA (Cowries - Cypraea moneta)

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SHANKHA (Conch Shell)

1. Dakshinavarta Shankha (right-coiled) - therapeutic
2. Vamavarta Shankha (left-coiled) - puja use

• Amlapitta (GERD) - major use
• Gulma (abdominal tumor)
• Shoola (colic)
• Atisara (diarrhea)

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TOPIC 11: KALPANA NIRMANA III - BHASMA, VATI & KUPIPAKVA

BHASMA NIRMANA (Calcined Ash Preparations)

"Yantrapathe krite dravye dhatu mala upashante" "Bhasmeekarana pravrittihi bhasma parikirtitam"

• Complete incineration to fine ash through controlled puta

1. Shodhana - Purification of raw material
2. Bhavana - Levigation with herbal juices
3. Chakrikas - Making discs/pellets
4. Puta - Incineration (appropriate puta type)
5. Mardana - Grinding after cooling
6. Bhasma Pariksha - Quality testing
7. Repeated Puta (until tests passed)

• XRD analysis: Crystalline structure changes after Marana
• TEM: Nanoparticles 10-50 nm confirmed
• Varitara = Low density nano-particles
• Apunarbhava = Irreversible physico-chemical change
• Research: Enhanced bioavailability, reduced toxicity compared to raw metals

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VATI / GUTIKA (Pills / Tablets)

• "Vartula gutika = Vati" - rounded preparations

1. Drugs reduced to fine powder (Churna)
2. Binding agents: Kastha drugs + mineral drugs
3. Triturated with appropriate liquid (Bhavana dravya)
4. Rolled into pills
5. Dried in shade

• Arogyavardhini Vati (Liver, metabolic)
• Chandraprabha Vati (Urinary)
• Kanchanara Guggulu (Thyroid, lymph)
• Sutshekhar Rasa (Amlapitta)
• Triphala Guggulu

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KUPIPAKVA RASAYANA (Bottle-fired preparations)

• Most unique Ayurvedic pharmaceutical preparation
• "Kupee = glass bottle; Pakva = well-processed"
• Metals + Sulfur heated in sealed glass bottle

• Makardhwaja - Mercury + Sulfur + Gold
• Rasa Sindoora - Mercury + Sulfur
• Tamra Sindoora - Copper + Sulfur

1. Processed Parada + Shodhita Gandhaka mixed
2. Filled in glass bottle (Kupi) - 1/3 full
3. Sealed with clay-coated cloth (7 layers)
4. Placed in Valuka Yantra (sand bath)
5. Gradual heating over 24-72 hours
6. Product collects at neck of bottle

"Parada bhaga ekam hiranya bhaga shodashams ekam" "Gandhaka shodasha bhaga cha Makardhwaja sambhavah" (Parada 1 part + Gold 1/16 part + Gandhaka 16 parts = Makardhwaja)

• Rasayana (anti-aging, rejuvenation)
• Cardiac tonic
• Balya (strength-giving)
• Manas roga (neuro-psychiatric)
• Rasayana especially for Rajayakshma, Prameha

• Mercury sulfide (HgS) + Gold = Makardhwaja
• Research shows: Nano HgS particles
• HgS less toxic than organic mercury
• Immunomodulatory, adaptogenic properties studied

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TOPIC 12: RASA DRAVYA PARICHAYA IV - HERBAL SINGLE DRUGS

Key Herbs in Rasashastra Paper 1:

GUDUCHI (Tinospora cordifolia)

"Guduchi tikta kashaya madhura vipaka ushna" "Tridosha shamana rasayana medhya" - Charaka Sutrasthana (Bitter, astringent, sweet post-digestion, hot; balances all 3 doshas; Rasayana, brain tonic)

• Jwara (All types of fever) - "Amrita" = immortality drug
• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Vatarakta (Gout)
• Rasayana
• Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity)

• Immunomodulator (NK cell activation, macrophage activation)
• Hypoglycemic activity (α-glucosidase inhibition)
• Hepatoprotective
• Anti-COVID research (Tinospora cordifolia extracts)

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AMALAKI (Emblica officinalis)

"Amalaki panchavarjita lavana rasa" - contains all 5 rasas except Lavana "Tridosha shamana param rasayana" (5 tastes except salty; supreme Rasayana; balances all 3 doshas)

• Rasayana - Key drug in Chyavanaprasha
• Pandu (Anemia) - high Vitamin C enhances iron absorption
• Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)
• Netra (Eyes)
• Daha (Burning sensation)
• Amlapitta (GERD - paradoxically relieves due to Pitta-shamana property)

• Highest natural source of Vitamin C (600-900 mg/100g)
• Antioxidant: DPPH free radical scavenging
• Hepatoprotective (increases hepatic superoxide dismutase)
• Anti-aging (telomerase activation research)

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HARITAKI (Terminalia chebula)

"Haritaki pathya sarva roga prashamanam" "Doshahara rasayana sarveshaam hitakaram" - Ashtanga Hridayam (Haritaki = Pathya; cures all diseases; removes all doshas; Rasayana beneficial to all)

1. Vijaya, 2. Rohini, 3. Putana, 4. Amrita, 5. Abhaya, 6. Jivanti, 7. Chetaki

• Vibandha (Constipation)
• Prameha (Diabetes)
• Pandu (Anemia)
• Kushtha (Skin)
• Rasayana

• Gallic acid, Chebulinic acid = Antioxidant
• Laxative: Sennoside-like action
• Hypoglycemic: α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition

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TOPIC 13: AUSHADHI PRAYOGA MARGA (Routes of Drug Administration)

"Oushadhim prayoktum marga = Aushadhi Prayoga Marga"

• Different routes through which medicines are administered

INTERNAL (Antah Prayoga):

EXTERNAL (Bahya Prayoga):

"Anupaanam vata hantum ushna Jalam prayojayet" "Pittahantum sheeta kashayam kaphahantum madhu anupaanam" (For Vata - warm water; for Pitta - cool decoction; for Kapha - honey as vehicle)

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QUICK REFERENCE - KEY RATIOS & NUMBERS

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KEY SHLOKAS FOR EXAM

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MODERN CORRELATIONS SUMMARY TABLE

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• Learn all ratios by heart (Puta sizes, Sneha proportions, Kwatha ratios)
• Parada Samskaras - 8 names shloka is frequently asked
• Parada Dosha - 7 types + their effects
• Bhasma Pariksha - all 6 tests with descriptions
• Panchavidha Kashaya - ratio + dose + examples for each
• Asava vs Arishta difference = classic comparison question
• For each mineral/metal: Shodhana method + Marana method + Key uses + Key formulation
• Modern correlation of Bhasma = nanoparticles (always mention XRD/TEM in answers)