What's Covered

1. Acid-Base Disorders

• The 4 primary disorders with pH, primary change, and compensation
• Compensation formulas including Winter's formula for metabolic acidosis
• Anion gap calculation and MUDPILES mnemonic for high-AG metabolic acidosis
• Normal-AG causes (diarrhea, RTA, dilution)
• Causes of metabolic alkalosis (saline-responsive vs. resistant) and respiratory disorders

2. Nephrotic Syndrome

• Definition (proteinuria > 3.5 g/day + the classic tetrad)
• Primary causes: MCD, FSGS, Membranous, MPGN - with histology highlights
• Secondary causes (DM, SLE, amyloidosis, drugs, infections, malignancy)
• Complications (thromboembolism, infections, AV disease)

3. Nephritic Syndrome

• Classic triad + definition of RPGN
• Causes: PSGN, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, ANCA GN, anti-GBM
• RPGN types 1/2/3 with crescents on biopsy
• Nephrotic vs. Nephritic comparison table

4. Urine Casts

• Full table: Hyaline, Granular (muddy brown), RBC, WBC, tubular epithelial, waxy/broad, fatty, pigmented, eosinophil - each with composition and clinical meaning

5. Acute Kidney Injury

• KDIGO definition and staging (stages 1-3)
• Pre-renal, intrinsic (ATN, AIN, GN, vascular), post-renal - with urine indices
• Diagnostic indices table (FENa, urine Na, osmolality, BUN:Cr)
• AEIOU indications for emergency dialysis
• Long-term CKD/ESKD risk after AKI

6. Acute Cystitis

• Etiology (E. coli most common), clinical features
• Diagnosis (UA, culture thresholds)
• First-line antibiotics with doses and durations (IDSA guidelines)
• Complicated vs. uncomplicated distinction