Make a pdf of all repeated questions of previous years neet pg exams convert it into one liners subject wise that are expected in neet pg 2026
Asking for Preferences
Reading File
Searching the Web
NEET PG repeated questions previous years high yield one liners Medicine Surgery OBG Pediatrics PSM 2024 2025
Running Command
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026 && ls /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026/
Writing File
~/neet-pg-2026/generate_pdf.py
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import inch, cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
PageBreak, HRFlowable, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_LEFT, TA_CENTER, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.platypus import ListFlowable, ListItem
import datetime
OUTPUT_PATH = "/home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026/NEET_PG_2026_Clinical_OneLiners.pdf"
# ── colour palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_DARK_BLUE = colors.HexColor("#1A237E")
C_TEAL = colors.HexColor("#00838F")
C_ORANGE = colors.HexColor("#E65100")
C_GREEN = colors.HexColor("#2E7D32")
C_PURPLE = colors.HexColor("#6A1B9A")
C_RED = colors.HexColor("#B71C1C")
C_LIGHT_BLUE = colors.HexColor("#E3F2FD")
C_LIGHT_TEAL = colors.HexColor("#E0F7FA")
C_LIGHT_ORANGE= colors.HexColor("#FFF3E0")
C_LIGHT_GREEN = colors.HexColor("#F1F8E9")
C_LIGHT_PURPLE= colors.HexColor("#F3E5F5")
C_LIGHT_RED = colors.HexColor("#FFEBEE")
C_LIGHT_GREY = colors.HexColor("#F5F5F5")
C_DARK_GREY = colors.HexColor("#424242")
C_YELLOW = colors.HexColor("#F9A825")
C_LIME = colors.HexColor("#558B2F")
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
def make_styles():
s = {}
s["cover_title"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_title", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=26,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=8, leading=32
)
s["cover_sub"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_sub", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=13,
textColor=C_TEAL, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4
)
s["cover_note"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_note", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=10,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4
)
s["toc_header"] = ParagraphStyle(
"toc_header", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=16,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=12
)
s["toc_entry"] = ParagraphStyle(
"toc_entry", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=11,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, leftIndent=20, spaceAfter=4
)
s["section_heading"] = ParagraphStyle(
"section_heading", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=15,
textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_LEFT, spaceAfter=0,
leftIndent=8, leading=20
)
s["subsection"] = ParagraphStyle(
"subsection", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=11,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=8, leading=14
)
s["oneliner"] = ParagraphStyle(
"oneliner", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9.5,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, spaceAfter=3, leading=13, leftIndent=8,
rightIndent=4
)
s["hook"] = ParagraphStyle(
"hook", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=8.8,
textColor=C_TEAL, spaceAfter=5, leading=12, leftIndent=16,
rightIndent=4
)
s["normal"] = styles["Normal"]
return s
def subject_header(text, bg_color, S):
tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, S["section_heading"])]], colWidths=[17*cm])
tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg_color),
("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
("ROUNDEDCORNERS", [6,6,6,6]),
]))
return tbl
def oneliner_block(fact, hook, S, bg):
fact_p = Paragraph(f"<b>►</b> {fact}", S["oneliner"])
hook_p = Paragraph(f"<i>🔑 {hook}</i>", S["hook"])
return [fact_p, hook_p]
def build_section(subject, color_pair, items, S, story):
bg, _ = color_pair
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.18*inch))
story.append(subject_header(f" {subject}", bg, S))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.08*inch))
for subsec, entries in items:
story.append(Paragraph(subsec, S["subsection"]))
for fact, hook in entries:
for elem in oneliner_block(fact, hook, S, _):
story.append(elem)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.04*inch))
# ── DATA ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDICINE = [
("Cardiology", [
("Mitral stenosis: opening snap + mid-diastolic rumble at apex; loud S1; best heard in left lateral position.",
"MS = 'MS' -> Murmur at Apex, Stenosis at Mitral; OS precedes MDM"),
("Most common cause of mitral stenosis in India: Rheumatic fever.",
"Rheumatic India -> RF = MCC of MS"),
("Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM): bisferiens pulse, systolic murmur increases on Valsalva/standing, decreases on squatting.",
"HOCM loves Valsalva - empties heart, worsens obstruction"),
("Digoxin toxicity: yellow-green vision (xanthopsia), bigeminy, reverse tick sign on ECG.",
"Dig fox: Yellow vision + Fox-trot rhythm (bigeminy)"),
("Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes: HOCM.",
"Athletes + sudden death = HOCM until proven otherwise"),
("Dressler's syndrome: post-MI pericarditis at 2-10 weeks; treated with NSAIDs/aspirin.",
"Dress-ler = Delayed reaction (2-10 wk post MI)"),
("Atrial fibrillation: irregularly irregular pulse; MC valvular cause = mitral stenosis.",
"AF + valvular = MS; rate control before rhythm control"),
("Long QT syndrome: Torsades de Pointes; corrected QTc >440ms men, >460ms women.",
"Long QT -> Torsades -> twisting of points around baseline"),
("Aortic regurgitation: Corrigan's pulse (water-hammer), De Musset's sign (head bobbing), Traube's (pistol shot femoral), Duroziez's (femoral bruit).",
"AR signs = 'All Reach periphery': water-hammer to head bob"),
("Heart block - Complete (3rd degree): P and QRS dissociate; cannon A waves in JVP; treat with pacemaker.",
"Complete block = P ignores QRS; cannon waves = atria firing against closed valves"),
]),
("Respiratory Medicine", [
("Löffler's syndrome: transient pulmonary infiltrates + eosinophilia; causes = Ascaris, drugs.",
"Löffler = worms + wheeze; lungs look bad, patient feels fine"),
("ARDS criteria (Berlin): PaO2/FiO2 <300; bilateral infiltrates; non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; treat with low tidal volume ventilation (6 mL/kg).",
"ARDS Berlin: ratio <300, bilateral, no heart failure; 6 ml/kg protective"),
("Sarcoidosis: non-caseating granulomas; ACE elevated; bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy; Kveim test positive.",
"Sarcoid = ACE + BHL + non-caseating; 'SARCOID' = Skin, ACE, Reticuloendothelial, Calcium, Ocular, Interstitial lung, Diabetes insipidus"),
("Bronchiectasis: 'tram-track' sign on CXR; 'signet ring' sign on HRCT; MC cause = post-infectious (Klebsiella, TB).",
"Tram lines = dilated bronchi sitting beside vessels"),
("Legionella pneumophila: Pontiac fever / Legionnaires; hyponatremia + pneumonia; treat with azithromycin/fluoroquinolone.",
"Legionella = Air conditioners + Low Na + Lung"),
("Goodpasture syndrome: anti-GBM antibodies; hemoptysis + hematuria; type II hypersensitivity.",
"Good Pasture = Good kidneys and lungs both affected (GBM)"),
("Coal worker's pneumoconiosis: Caplan syndrome = RA + large nodules in miners.",
"Caplan = Coal miner + RA = big nodules"),
("Obstructive sleep apnea: STOP-BANG score; treatment = CPAP; Pickwickian syndrome = OSA + obesity + hypercapnia.",
"Pickwick Papers: Fat man who falls asleep = OSA prototype"),
]),
("Gastroenterology", [
("Wilson's disease: AR; ATP7B mutation; Kayser-Fleischer rings; low ceruloplasmin; treat with D-penicillamine / trientine.",
"Wilson = KF rings + LOW ceruloplasmin + AR; 'Wicked Penicillamine'"),
("Hemochromatosis: AR; HFE gene; bronze diabetes; arthropathy of 2nd/3rd MCP; treat with phlebotomy.",
"Bronze triad = liver + skin + pancreas; MCP joints = HFE clue"),
("Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): AMA positive (anti-M2); pruritus; elevated ALP; female >40.",
"PBC = AMA + Itch + ALP + Female; 'Pretty Bad Cholestasis'"),
("Budd-Chiari syndrome: hepatic vein thrombosis; caudate lobe hypertrophy; ascites; treat with anticoagulation/TIPS.",
"Budd-Chiari = veins blocked OUT of liver; caudate drains separately"),
("Carcinoid tumor: flushing + diarrhea + wheezing + right-sided valvular disease; elevated 5-HIAA urine.",
"Carcinoid flush: 5-HIAA in urine; right heart (liver inactivates serotonin)"),
("Achalasia: bird-beak appearance on barium; aperistalsis + LES non-relaxation; manometry = gold standard.",
"Achalasia = bird beak; LES doesn't relax = food stuck"),
("Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: AD; STK11; hamartomas; perioral melanin spots; increased GI + gynecologic cancers.",
"PJS = Perioral Pigment + Polyps; 'Jeghers Jeghers' on the lips"),
("Hepatic encephalopathy: asterixis (flapping tremor); precipitants = GI bleed, infection, constipation; treat with lactulose + rifaximin.",
"Asterixis = liver flap; Lactulose lowers NH3"),
]),
("Nephrology", [
("Nephrotic syndrome: >3.5 g/day proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia; MC cause in children = MCNS (responds to steroids).",
"Kids + NS = MCNS; 'Minimal Change = Maximal steroid response'"),
("IgA nephropathy (Berger's): gross hematuria after URTI; IgA deposits in mesangium; most common GN worldwide.",
"Berger's: URI + blood in urine 1-2 days later (vs post-strep 10-14 days)"),
("Rapidly progressive GN (RPGN): crescents on biopsy; treat urgently with pulse steroids + cyclophosphamide.",
"Crescents = Racing to renal failure; pulse steroids STAT"),
("Alport syndrome: X-linked; COL4A5 mutation; sensorineural hearing loss + hematuria + ocular defects.",
"Alport = All ports affected: Ear + Eye + Kidney; X-linked"),
("Diabetic nephropathy: Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules; first sign = microalbuminuria; ACEi/ARB = first-line treatment.",
"KW nodules = Diabetes footprint in kidney"),
("Renal tubular acidosis Type 1 (distal): hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis; hypokalemia; nephrocalcinosis; urine pH >5.5.",
"dRTA = distal can't excrete H+; urine stays alkaline; calcium deposits"),
("FSGS: most common NS in adults/HIV patients; podocyte injury; poor steroid response.",
"FSGS = Focal Segmental = adults/HIV; resistant to steroids"),
("Polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD): PKD1 (chr 16) or PKD2 (chr 4); berry aneurysm association; hepatic cysts.",
"ADPKD: '16 is bigger than 4' = PKD1 more severe"),
]),
("Endocrinology", [
("Addison's disease: primary adrenal insufficiency; hyperpigmentation (MSH excess); hyponatremia + hyperkalemia; treat with hydrocortisone + fludrocortisone.",
"Addison = Adrenal ADD-ison (adds pigment, subtracts Na)"),
("Cushing's syndrome: central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, HTN; overnight dexamethasone suppression test for screening.",
"Cushing = 'Cushion-shaped' body; ACTH-dependent vs independent"),
("Conn's syndrome (Primary hyperaldosteronism): hypertension + hypokalemia + metabolic alkalosis; elevated aldosterone + low renin.",
"Conn = Con artist: steals K+, gives you high BP"),
("MEN 1 (Wermer): Pituitary + Parathyroid + Pancreas (3P).",
"MEN 1 = '3P': Pit + PTH + Pancreas"),
("MEN 2A (Sipple): Medullary thyroid Ca + Pheochromocytoma + Parathyroid.",
"MEN 2A = Pheo + MTC + Parathyroid; RET mutation"),
("SIADH: hyponatremia + low plasma osmolality + inappropriately high urine osmolality; treat with fluid restriction.",
"SIADH = high urine despite low plasma; restrict fluids"),
("Diabetes insipidus: central (desmopressin responsive) vs nephrogenic (not responsive); hypernatremia + polyuria.",
"DI: Central = brain, Nephro = kidney; both = dilute urine + high serum Na"),
("Thyroid storm: hyperthermia + tachycardia + altered sensorium; treat with PTU + propranolol + Lugol's iodine + steroids.",
"Storm needs PROPS: PTU, Propranolol, Iodine (Lugol), Steroid"),
]),
("Neurology", [
("Guillain-Barré syndrome: ascending flaccid paralysis; albuminocytologic dissociation (high protein, normal cells); treat with IVIG or plasmapheresis.",
"GBS = Goes upward; CSF = Cytoalbuminous dissociation"),
("Multiple sclerosis: relapsing-remitting; MRI periventricular plaques; Uhthoff phenomenon (worsens with heat); Lhermitte sign.",
"MS = McDonald criteria; 'Multiple lesions, Multiple times'"),
("Parkinson's disease: resting tremor + rigidity + bradykinesia + postural instability; Lewy bodies; dopamine depletion in substantia nigra.",
"TRAP: Tremor + Rigidity + Akinesia + Postural instability"),
("Wernicke's encephalopathy: thiamine deficiency; confusion + ophthalmoplegia + ataxia (triad); treat IV thiamine BEFORE glucose.",
"Wernicke = thiamine FIRST, then glucose; never glucose alone"),
("Meningitis: bacterial = neutrophilic; viral = lymphocytic; TB = lymphocytic + high protein + low glucose.",
"TB CSF: Cobweb clot + lymphocytes + low glucose + very high protein"),
("Transient ischemic attack (TIA): symptoms <24 hours; ABCD2 score for stroke risk; aspirin immediately.",
"TIA = 'warning stroke'; ABCD2 score: Age, BP, Clinical, Duration, Diabetes"),
("Myasthenia gravis: fatigable weakness; anti-AChR antibodies; edrophonium (Tensilon) test positive; treat with pyridostigmine.",
"MG = anti-AChR; 'ends in the evening' (fatigable, worse later in day)"),
("Cauda equina syndrome: saddle anesthesia + bladder/bowel retention + bilateral leg weakness; surgical emergency.",
"Cauda equina = saddle numbness = surgical emergency, don't wait"),
]),
("Rheumatology", [
("SLE: butterfly rash, photosensitivity, serositis; ANA + anti-dsDNA (specific); anti-Sm (most specific); treat with hydroxychloroquine.",
"SOAP BRAIN MD = SLE criteria; anti-dsDNA = disease activity marker"),
("Rheumatoid arthritis: symmetrical small joint arthritis; RF + anti-CCP (most specific); pannus formation; ulnar deviation.",
"RA = anti-CCP > RF in specificity; 'RA = anti-CCP Real Answer'"),
("Ankylosing spondylitis: HLA-B27; sacroiliitis; bamboo spine; Schober's test <5 cm; treat with NSAIDs, anti-TNF.",
"AS: B27 + bamboo spine + young male; Schober's <5 = restricted lumbar"),
("Gout: urate crystals (negatively birefringent, needle-shaped); hyperuricemia; podagra (1st MTP); treat acute with colchicine/NSAIDs.",
"Gout crystals: NEGATIVE birefringence = YELLOW parallel to compensator"),
("Pseudogout (CPPD): calcium pyrophosphate crystals (positively birefringent, rhomboid); chondrocalcinosis on XR.",
"Pseudo = POSITIVE birefringence = BLUE parallel; rhomboid shape"),
("Reactive arthritis (Reiter): urethritis + conjunctivitis + arthritis; HLA-B27; 'can't see, pee, or climb a tree'.",
"Reiter's triad: can't SEE + PEE + be (arthritis); post-STI/GI infection"),
("Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): anti-Scl-70 (diffuse), anti-centromere (limited/CREST).",
"CREST = anti-centromere; Diffuse = anti-Scl-70 (Topoisomerase)"),
]),
("Infectious Disease & Hematology", [
("Weil's disease (Leptospirosis): jaundice + renal failure + hemorrhage; sewage workers/farmers; treat with penicillin/doxycycline.",
"Weil = Well water + Weil workers (sewage); conjunctival suffusion clue"),
("Malaria: P. falciparum = most severe; cerebral malaria; blackwater fever (hemoglobinuria); chloroquine-resistant.",
"Falciparum = Foul + cerebral + blackwater; treat with artemisinin"),
("Iron deficiency anemia: microcytic hypochromic; low serum ferritin (earliest); high TIBC; Koilonychia.",
"IDA: Ferritin FIRST to fall; TIBC rises inversely"),
("Megaloblastic anemia: B12/folate deficiency; hypersegmented neutrophils; macro-ovalocytes; B12 deficiency = subacute combined degeneration.",
"Megaloblastic: 5-lobe neutrophils = 5 B12 deficiency flags"),
("Sickle cell disease: HbS; HbSS = severe; vaso-occlusive crisis; autosplenectomy; increased risk of encapsulated bacteria.",
"Sickle = Salmonella osteomyelitis (vs Staph in normal); autosplenectomy by age 5"),
("Hodgkin's lymphoma: Reed-Sternberg cells (owl eyes); bimodal age distribution; EBV association; Pel-Ebstein fever.",
"RS cells = Read-Sternberg; OWL eyes = Hodgkin's hallmark"),
("DIC: consumption coagulopathy; low fibrinogen + elevated D-dimer + prolonged PT/aPTT; treat underlying cause + FFP/platelets.",
"DIC = all clotting factors consumed; 'Clotting while Bleeding'"),
("Hemophilia A: factor VIII deficiency; X-linked recessive; prolonged aPTT, normal PT; treat with factor VIII concentrate / DDAVP (mild).",
"Hemophilia A = 'A for eight' (Factor VIII); aPTT long, PT normal"),
]),
]
SURGERY = [
("General Surgery & Trauma", [
("Golden hour of trauma: ABC (Airway-Breathing-Circulation); hemorrhagic shock Class III = 30-40% blood loss = needs transfusion.",
"Golden = Airway first; Class III shock = blood ++ = transfuse"),
("Tension pneumothorax: tracheal deviation AWAY from affected side; absent breath sounds; emergency needle decompression (2nd ICS MCL) before CXR.",
"Tension = Tension on mediastinum = trachea PUSHED away; needle 1st, CXR later"),
("Flail chest: paradoxical movement of chest wall; >2 consecutive ribs fractured in >2 places; treat with positive pressure ventilation.",
"Flail = segment goes IN during inspiration (paradox)"),
("Damage control surgery: for lethal triad (hypothermia + coagulopathy + acidosis); stop bleeding, pack, close, ICU, return later.",
"Lethal triad = Cold + Clotting off + Acidic = DCR priority"),
("Shock - Distributive (septic): warm peripheries, wide pulse pressure, bounding pulse initially; treat with fluids + norepinephrine.",
"Septic shock = warm initially (vasodilation) then cold; NE = vasopressor choice"),
("Glasgow Coma Scale: E4V5M6 = 15 (normal); GCS <8 = intubate (airway at risk).",
"GCS 8 = GATE (intubate); 4+5+6=15 maximum"),
]),
("GI Surgery", [
("Achalasia: Heller's myotomy (surgery); pneumatic dilation; Botox injection (elderly/poor surgical risk).",
"Heller's = definitive surgery for achalasia; Botox = temporary"),
("Duodenal ulcer: most common surgical emergency (perforation); H. pylori eradication + PPI; Billroth I or II for refractory.",
"DU: H. pylori in 95%; perforation = free air under diaphragm on erect CXR"),
("Meckel's diverticulum: rule of 2s - 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2 inches long, 2% population, presents in first 2 years of life; most common cause of painless GI bleed in children.",
"Meckel's: Rule of 2s; contains ectopic gastric mucosa -> bleeds"),
("Appendicitis: Mcburney's point tenderness; Rovsing sign; Psoas sign; Obturator sign; Alvarado score for diagnosis.",
"McBurney = 1/3 way ASIS to umbilicus; Rovsing = LIF pressure causes RIF pain"),
("Colorectal cancer: FAP (APC gene); HNPCC (Lynch); Duke's/TNM staging; CEA for monitoring, not diagnosis.",
"CEA = Comes back as cancer marker; not for diagnosis, for monitoring"),
("Hirschsprung's disease: aganglionic segment; male > female; 4:1; fails to pass meconium in 48 hrs; barium = transition zone; Swenson pull-through surgery.",
"Hirschsprung = missing Auerbach's plexus; transition zone on barium"),
("Pyloric stenosis (infantile): projectile non-bilious vomiting at 3-6 weeks; olive mass; hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis; Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy.",
"PS: projectile + 3-6 weeks + olive mass = Pyloromyotomy; fix alkalosis first"),
("Anal fissure: 90% posterior midline; triad: fissure + sentinel pile + hypertrophied anal papilla; 1st line = GTN ointment/diltiazem.",
"Fissure = posterior midline; GTN first; lateral internal sphincterotomy if refractory"),
]),
("Breast & Thyroid Surgery", [
("Breast cancer: most common cancer in women worldwide; BRCA1 (chr 17) + BRCA2 (chr 13); MC histological type = invasive ductal carcinoma.",
"BRCA1 = 17 = 'bra'17; invasive ductal = most common breast Ca"),
("Paget's disease of nipple: eczematous change of nipple = underlying ductal Ca; Paget cells with clear halo on histology.",
"Nipple eczema = rule out Paget's = underlying Ca, not dermatitis"),
("Papillary thyroid carcinoma: MC thyroid cancer; psammoma bodies; indolent; best prognosis; spread to cervical lymph nodes.",
"PTC = Psammoma + Papillary projections; lymph nodes but NOT bad"),
("Medullary thyroid carcinoma: C-cells; calcitonin marker; associated with MEN 2A/2B; RET mutation.",
"Medullary = C-cell = Calcitonin = MEN 2; screen family with RET"),
("Follicular thyroid carcinoma: 2nd MC; hematogenous spread (bone + lung); vascular invasion on histology; iodine uptake scan useful.",
"Follicular = Hematogenous = Bone/Lung mets; RAI useful"),
("Thyroglossal cyst: midline neck swelling that moves on swallowing AND protrusion of tongue; track through hyoid; Sistrunk's operation.",
"Thyroglossal = tongue out test; Sistrunk removes hyoid body too"),
]),
("Hernias & Vascular", [
("Indirect inguinal hernia: MC hernia; lateral to inferior epigastric vessels; through deep inguinal ring; covered by all 3 spermatic fasciae.",
"Indirect = enters deep ring = 'Indirect goes in'; lateral to IEV"),
("Femoral hernia: MC in females; below and lateral to pubic tubercle; high risk of strangulation; treat urgently.",
"Femoral = Female; BELOW inguinal ligament; medial to femoral vein"),
("Abdominal aortic aneurysm: >3 cm = aneurysm; >5.5 cm = operate; pulsatile mass; rupture = hypotension + back pain + pulsatile mass = EMERGENCY.",
"AAA: 5.5 = fix it; ruptured = don't scan, go to OT"),
("Varicose veins: Trendelenburg test; saphenofemoral incompetence most common; treat with EVLA/surgery; complications: bleeding, DVT, lipodermatosclerosis.",
"Trendelenburg: tourniquet test for saphenofemoral junction"),
("DVT: Virchow's triad: stasis + endothelial injury + hypercoagulability; Homan's sign (unreliable); Wells score + D-dimer; treat with LMWH then warfarin/NOAC.",
"Virchow's triad = SEH (Stasis, Endothelium, Hypercoag)"),
]),
("Orthopedics (Surgery Group)", [
("Fracture neck of femur: Garden classification (I-IV); intracapsular = risk of AVN + non-union; elderly = hemiarthroplasty; young = ORIF.",
"Garden I-II = undisplaced = try fixing; III-IV = displaced = replace in elderly"),
("Colles' fracture: distal radius fracture; dinner fork deformity; MC fracture in elderly women.",
"Colles = Dinner Fork = dorsal angulation + radial deviation"),
("Supracondylar fracture of humerus: MC in children (5-10 yrs); anterior interosseous nerve/radial nerve injury; check for pulse (brachial artery).",
"Supra-condylar in kids = check radial pulse! = brachial artery risk"),
("Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE): obese adolescent male; hip/knee pain; Klein's line abnormal; treat with in-situ pinning.",
"SUFE = fat teen boy with hip pain; Klein's line doesn't cut epiphysis"),
("Osteosarcoma: MC primary malignant bone tumor in <20 yr; distal femur/proximal tibia; Codman triangle + sunburst pattern on XR.",
"Osteosarcoma = Sunburst + Codman; around knee = classic"),
("Osgood-Schlatter disease: traction apophysitis of tibial tuberosity; adolescent males; painful tibial tuberosity; treat conservatively.",
"Osgood = Os-GOOD = tibial tuberosity in sporty teen"),
]),
]
OBG = [
("Obstetrics", [
("Placenta previa: painless antepartum hemorrhage; abnormal lie; avoid PV; USG diagnosis; C-section delivery.",
"Previa = Pain-free bleed; 'Previa prevents PE' (no PV exam)"),
("Abruptio placentae: painful antepartum hemorrhage; uterus woody hard; fetal distress; may cause DIC.",
"Abruption = Acute + Agony + Abnormal uterus; can cause DIC"),
("Eclampsia: seizures in pregnancy + HTN + proteinuria; treat with MgSO4 (Pritchard regime); deliver after stabilisation.",
"Eclampsia = MgSO4 = FIRST anti-convulsant of choice; not phenytoin"),
("Pre-eclampsia: BP ≥140/90 after 20 weeks + proteinuria; severe = BP ≥160/110 or organ dysfunction; treat with labetalol/nifedipine.",
"PE after 20 wks; severe = headache + visual + epigastric pain"),
("Gestational diabetes: OGTT at 24-28 weeks (75g); treat with diet then insulin/metformin; macrosomia risk.",
"GDM: screen at 24-28 wks; Shoulder dystocia risk with macrosomia"),
("HELLP syndrome: Hemolysis + Elevated Liver enzymes + Low Platelets; severe PE variant; treat with delivery.",
"HELLP = Hemolysis + Elevated LFTs + Low Platelets; OT emergency"),
("Amniotic fluid embolism: sudden collapse + DIC + ARDS during/after delivery; most lethal obstetric emergency.",
"AFE = sudden collapse with DIC = 'Anaphylactoid reaction of pregnancy'"),
("Shoulder dystocia: McRoberts maneuver (hyperflexion of hips) + suprapubic pressure = first steps; Zavanelli = last resort.",
"McRoberts FIRST; HELPERR mnemonic for shoulder dystocia"),
("Postpartum hemorrhage: >500 mL after vaginal / >1000 mL after C-section; 4T's = Tone + Trauma + Tissue + Thrombin; oxytocin = 1st line.",
"PPH 4Ts: Tone MC cause; Oxytocin immediately after delivery for prevention"),
("Prolonged labor: active phase arrest = >4h with adequate contractions; treat with oxytocin or C-section.",
"Alert line + Action line on partograph; >4h = augment"),
("CTG interpretation: baseline 110-160; variability 5-25 bpm; early decelerations = head compression (benign); late decelerations = uteroplacental insufficiency (pathological).",
"Late decels = Late = Uteroplacental problem; variable = cord compression"),
("Rh isoimmunization: anti-D immunoglobulin within 72 hrs to Rh-negative mothers; prevents sensitisation; given at 28 weeks prophylactically.",
"Anti-D = given to Rh-NEG mother within 72 hrs to protect NEXT baby"),
]),
("Gynaecology", [
("Endometriosis: ectopic endometrial glands + stroma; chocolate cyst (endometrioma) in ovary; CA-125 elevated; treat with GnRH agonist or surgery.",
"Endo = chocolate cysts + dysmenorrhea + dyspareunia + dyschezia (4 D's)"),
("Fibroids (Leiomyoma): most common pelvic tumor in females; estrogen-dependent; whorled pattern histology; submucous = most symptomatic.",
"Fibroid: submucous bleeds most; subserosal causes pressure symptoms"),
("Cervical cancer: MC gynecological cancer in India; HPV 16 & 18; Pap smear screening; FIGO staging (clinical); radical hysterectomy (Wertheim) for stage I-IIA.",
"Ca Cx = HPV 16/18; Pap smear; FIGO = clinical staging; Wertheim for stage I/IIA"),
("Ovarian cancer: MC presenting with FIGO III; CA-125 (epithelial); silent disease; debulking surgery + platinum/taxane chemo.",
"Ovarian Ca = 'Whispering disease'; BRCA1/2 + high-grade serous = MC type"),
("Ectopic pregnancy: most common site = ampulla of fallopian tube; risk factors = PID, IUD, prior ectopic; beta-hCG + USG; treat with methotrexate or surgery.",
"Ectopic = Ampulla = 70%; MTX for unruptured + stable; surgery if ruptured"),
("PCOS: Rotterdam criteria (2/3): oligo-anovulation + clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovaries; treat with OCPs/metformin.",
"Rotterdam 2/3 criteria; PCOS = Insulin resistance link; Metformin for IR"),
("Hydatidiform mole: complete (46XX, all paternal) vs partial (triploid, some fetal tissue); beta-hCG very high; uterus > dates; 'snowstorm' USG.",
"Complete mole = NO fetus; 'snowstorm' USG; monitor hCG to exclude choriocarcinoma"),
("Contraception: Cu-IUD most effective emergency contraception up to 5 days; Levonorgestrel pill within 72 hrs; 'pill-in-period' rule for OCP start.",
"Cu-IUD = best EC up to 5 days; also long-term contraception"),
("Infertility: semen analysis WHO criteria: >15M/mL + >40% motility; HSG = 1st-line tubal assessment; laparoscopy = gold standard.",
"WHO semen: 15M/mL threshold; HSG first, lap if needed"),
("Bartholin's abscess: blocked Bartholin gland duct; posterior introitus swelling; treat with marsupialization.",
"Bartholin = posterior; Marsupialisation = permanent opening created"),
]),
]
PEDIATRICS = [
("Neonatology", [
("Apgar score: Appearance + Pulse + Grimace + Activity + Respiration; scored at 1 and 5 minutes; 7-10 = normal.",
"APGAR: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration; 7-10 = healthy"),
("Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): premature; surfactant deficiency; ground-glass opacification + air bronchograms on CXR; treat with surfactant + CPAP.",
"RDS: premie + ground glass; surfactant saves; lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio <2"),
("Kernicterus: bilirubin-induced brain injury; opisthotonus; deafness; choreoathetosis; phototherapy for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.",
"Kernicterus = bilirubin in basal ganglia; blue light (phototherapy) breaks bilirubin"),
("Neonatal sepsis: early onset (<72h) = GBS + E.coli; late onset (>72h) = Staph epidermidis + gram-negatives; treat with ampicillin + gentamicin.",
"Early = GBS/E.coli (maternal); Late = Staph (nosocomial)"),
("Hyaline membrane disease: Type II pneumocytes deficient in surfactant; L:S ratio <2 = immature lungs.",
"L:S ratio: 2 = mature; <2 = danger; antenatal betamethasone matures lungs"),
("Necrotising enterocolitis: premie; pneumatosis intestinalis on AXR; portal venous gas = severe; treat with bowel rest + antibiotics + surgery if perforation.",
"NEC = premie + portal vein gas on XR = severe; pneumatosis pathognomonic"),
]),
("Growth & Development", [
("Developmental milestones: social smile = 6 weeks; head control = 3-4 months; sits without support = 8 months; walks alone = 12-15 months.",
"Rule of 3-6-9-12: 3mo head; 6mo sits with support; 9mo cruises; 12mo walks"),
("Normal weight: birth weight regained by 10 days; doubles by 5 months; triples by 1 year.",
"Birth wt: doubles at 5 months, triples at 1 year; halved at puberty (height doubles)"),
("Fontanelle: anterior (bregma) closes 18 months; posterior closes 6-8 weeks.",
"Anterior = 18 months; Posterior = 6-8 weeks; bulging = raised ICP"),
]),
("Pediatric Infectious Disease", [
("Measles: koplik spots (pathognomonic) = 1-2 days before rash; maculopapular rash starts from face down; complications = pneumonia + encephalitis.",
"Koplik spots = measles sign before rash; 3Cs = Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis"),
("Kawasaki disease: fever >5 days + 4/5 criteria (conjunctivitis, oral changes, rash, lymph node, extremity changes); treat with IVIG + aspirin; coronary aneurysm complication.",
"Kawasaki: CRASH + fever (Conjunctivitis, Rash, Adenopathy, Strawberry tongue, Hand changes)"),
("Dengue: dengue hemorrhagic fever = plasma leakage; NS1 antigen first 5 days; Tourniquet test (Rumpel-Leede); treat with fluid resuscitation.",
"Dengue NS1 = early marker; platelets fall = DHF danger"),
("Intussusception: MC cause of intestinal obstruction 3 months-6 years; currant jelly stool; sausage-shaped mass in RIF; treat with air-contrast enema.",
"Intussusception = 3m-6yr = telescoping; currant jelly = blood in stool"),
("Cystic fibrosis: CFTR mutation; meconium ileus at birth; recurrent Pseudomonas pneumonia; pancreatic insufficiency; sweat chloride >60 mEq/L.",
"CF: sweat chloride >60 = test; Pseudomonas = respiratory killer"),
("Febrile seizure: 6 months - 5 years; simple = <15 min + generalized; complex = focal/prolonged/>1/24h; treat acute with rectal diazepam.",
"Simple FS: <15min, generalized, self-limited; rectal diazepam for acute"),
("Celiac disease: gluten sensitivity; anti-tTG IgA (screening); villous atrophy + crypt hyperplasia; treat with gluten-free diet.",
"Celiac = anti-tTG + villous atrophy; gluten-free = treatment + test"),
]),
("Pediatric Nutrition & Vaccines", [
("Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency; edema + fatty liver + 'flaky paint' dermatitis + moon face; treated with therapeutic feeding.",
"Kwashiorkor = K for edema (protein); Marasmus = M for muscle wasting (energy)"),
("Marasmus: calorie deficiency; old man face; no edema; severe muscle wasting; baggy pants appearance.",
"Marasmus = Muscles gone; no edema; wasted appearance"),
("Vitamin D deficiency: rickets; craniotabes (earliest sign); Harrison's sulcus; widening of wrists; treat with Vitamin D + calcium.",
"Rickets: Craniotabes first; Harrison's sulcus = indrawing at diaphragm"),
("BCG vaccine: at birth; protects against TB meningitis/miliary TB; intradermal injection left deltoid.",
"BCG = birth; protects severe TB (not pulmonary TB); ID left deltoid"),
("Cold chain: 2-8°C for vaccines (not frozen except OPV/varicella); OPV = can be frozen; monitor with VVM.",
"Cold chain 2-8°C; OPV = 'On Perpetual Vacation in Freezer'"),
]),
]
PSM = [
("Epidemiology & Biostatistics", [
("Sensitivity: ability to detect true positives; TP/(TP+FN); high sensitivity = good SCREENING test; low false negatives.",
"Sensitivity = SnNout (high Sn = Negative rules OUT disease)"),
("Specificity: ability to detect true negatives; TN/(TN+FP); high specificity = good CONFIRMATORY test; low false positives.",
"Specificity = SpPin (high Sp = Positive rules IN disease)"),
("PPV: probability disease present given positive test; TP/(TP+FP); depends on prevalence.",
"PPV rises with prevalence; same test has different PPV in different populations"),
("NNT (Number needed to treat): 1/ARR (Absolute Risk Reduction); lower NNT = more effective treatment.",
"NNT = 1/ARR; NNT=1 = treat 1 person to cure 1; ideal NNT is low"),
("Odds ratio: used in case-control studies; RR used in cohort/RCT; OR approximates RR when disease is rare.",
"Case-Control = Odds Ratio; Cohort/RCT = Relative Risk"),
("Type I error (alpha): rejecting true null hypothesis = false positive; p-value threshold (usually 0.05).",
"Alpha = false alarm; 'alpha wolf cries wolf (false positive)'"),
("Type II error (beta): accepting false null hypothesis = false negative; power = 1-beta.",
"Beta = missed case; Power = 1-beta = ability to detect true effect"),
("Randomized Controlled Trial: gold standard for causation; double-blind; reduces confounding; Intention-to-treat analysis preferred.",
"RCT = gold standard; ITT = analyze as randomized, not as treated"),
]),
("National Health Programs", [
("RNTCP/NTP: DOTS strategy; Category I (new) = 2HRZE/4HR; Category II (retreatment) = 2HRZES/HRZE/5HRE.",
"TB DOTS: H=INH, R=Rifamp, Z=Pyraz, E=Ethamb, S=Strep; numbers = months"),
("NHM (National Health Mission): NRHM + NUHM; ASHA = community health worker; 10,000 population: 1 sub-center, 30,000: 1 PHC.",
"Sub-center: 5000 plains / 3000 hills; PHC: 30,000 plains / 20,000 hills"),
("Immunization schedule (India): OPV + BCG at birth; Pentavalent (DPT+HBV+Hib) at 6/10/14 weeks; MR vaccine at 9 months + 16-24 months.",
"Pentavalent = 5-in-1 at 6/10/14 weeks; MR at 9 months and 16-24 months"),
("Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): cash incentive for institutional delivery in BPL women; reduces MMR.",
"JSY: money for delivery in hospital = reduces maternal deaths"),
("Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan: ANC on 9th of every month; high-risk pregnancy identification.",
"PMSMA = fixed day ANC on 9th; specialist-led antenatal care"),
("IMNCI: Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness; classify + treat + counsel at PHC level.",
"IMNCI = integrated approach; classify by color: red = severe = refer"),
]),
("Nutrition & Environmental Health", [
("Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): protein 0.8 g/kg/day adult; pregnant women +25g/day; lactating +30g/day.",
"Pregnant: +400 kcal/day; Lactating: +500 kcal/day; both +protein"),
("ICDS: Integrated Child Development Services; under 6 years + pregnant/lactating women; supplementary nutrition + immunization + health check.",
"ICDS = 0-6 years + mothers; 6 services under one umbrella"),
("Fluorosis: endemic fluorosis >1.5 ppm F in water; dental (mottling) → skeletal fluorosis; no treatment, prevention key.",
"Fluorosis: <0.5 ppm = caries; 1-1.5 ppm = ideal; >1.5 ppm = mottling"),
("Chlorination of water: residual chlorine 0.5 ppm after 1 hour contact; Horrock's test for residual chlorine.",
"0.5 ppm residual Cl = safe; Horrock's = field test"),
("Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning from fish; congenital form worst; Japan 1956.",
"Minamata = Mercury + fish + Japan; congenital = severe neurological damage"),
("Air pollution index: PM2.5 most dangerous; causes respiratory + cardiovascular disease; WHO limit = 10 µg/m³ annual.",
"PM2.5 = deepest lung penetration = most harmful; PM10 = nose/throat"),
]),
("Demography & Health Indicators", [
("IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): deaths <1 year / 1000 live births; best indicator of socioeconomic development.",
"IMR = most sensitive indicator of health status of community"),
("Maternal Mortality Ratio: maternal deaths / 100,000 live births; India target MMR <70 by 2030.",
"MMR per 100,000 live births; main cause India = PPH"),
("Total Fertility Rate: average children per woman in reproductive period; replacement level = 2.1.",
"TFR 2.1 = replacement; India TFR ~2.0 now approaching replacement"),
("Crude Birth Rate: live births / 1000 midyear population per year.",
"CBR = Crude = total population denominator; SFR uses women 15-49"),
("Life expectancy at birth: India ~70 years (2024); best indicator of overall health of population.",
"Life expectancy = summary indicator; India improved significantly last 50 years"),
]),
("Communicable Diseases", [
("Herd immunity threshold: 1 - 1/R0; measles R0=12-18 = need 92-95% vaccination; polio R0=5-7 = need 80-86%.",
"Herd immunity % = 1 - 1/R0; measles hardest to control"),
("National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme: malaria + dengue + chikungunya + kala-azar + lymphatic filariasis + JE.",
"NVBDCP = 6 diseases; all vector-transmitted; indoor residual spraying key"),
("Pulse Polio: >2 rounds/year; National Immunization Days; mOPV2 for type 2 in outbreaks; goal = global eradication.",
"Pulse Polio = NIDs; India polio-free since 2014; 2 doses OPV on NID"),
("Leprosy (Hansen's): Mycobacterium leprae; WHO MDT = PB (6 months) vs MB (12 months); reaction Type 1 = steroid; Type 2 (ENL) = thalidomide.",
"Leprosy MDT: PB= rifampicin + dapsone 6mo; MB adds clofazimine 12mo"),
("Kala-azar (Visceral leishmaniasis): Phlebotomus sandfly; splenomegaly; pancytopenia; aldehyde test (Napier); treat with miltefosine/liposomal amphotericin.",
"Kala-azar: sandfly vector; aldehyde test = crude diagnosis; miltefosine = oral treatment"),
]),
]
ALLIED = [
("Ophthalmology", [
("Glaucoma: primary open-angle MC type; raised IOP >21 mmHg; cupping of optic disc (C:D ratio >0.65); treat with timolol/latanoprost.",
"POAG: silent + field loss; cupping; timolol = beta-blocker drops"),
("Trachoma: Chlamydia trachomatis; WHO grading; trichiasis + entropion + corneal scarring; treat with azithromycin (SAFE strategy).",
"Trachoma: SAFE = Surgery + Azithro + Face wash + Env improvement"),
("Cataract: MC cause of blindness worldwide; MC in India = senile cataract; SICS + IOL surgery; aphakia post-surgery.",
"Cataract = MC preventable blindness; SICS surgery; posterior capsular opacification after"),
("Diabetic retinopathy: background (microaneurysm + dot hemorrhages) → pre-proliferative → proliferative (neovascularization); treat with laser photocoagulation.",
"PDR = neovascularization; laser = panretinal photocoagulation; VEGF injections for DME"),
("Retinal detachment: flashes + floaters + curtain falling = symptoms; rhegmatogenous MC type; treat with scleral buckling/vitrectomy.",
"RD = curtain over vision; rhegmatogenous = tear/break; urgent surgery"),
]),
("ENT", [
("Otitis media with effusion (Glue ear): MC cause of conductive hearing loss in children; treat with grommets (ventilation tubes).",
"Glue ear: fluid in middle ear; grommets = drain + ventilate"),
("Meniere's disease: endolymphatic hydrops; triad = episodic vertigo + tinnitus + fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss; low-salt diet + diuretics.",
"Meniere's = 3Vs: Vertigo + Tinnitus (humming) + Variable hearing loss"),
("Acoustic neuroma (Vestibular schwannoma): CN VIII; MRI with gadolinium; unilateral SNHL + tinnitus; NF2 bilateral.",
"Acoustic neuroma: unilateral SNHL + tinnitus; NF2 = bilateral"),
("Nasal polyps: MC cause = chronic rhinosinusitis; bilateral + pale gray; Samter's triad = polyps + aspirin sensitivity + asthma.",
"Samter's triad = Polyps + Aspirin + Asthma; treat with steroids/surgery"),
("Ludwig's angina: bilateral submandibular space infection; floor of mouth elevation; airway emergency; treat with IV antibiotics + surgical drainage.",
"Ludwig's = bilateral submandibular = airway EMERGENCY; intubate early"),
]),
("Dermatology", [
("Pemphigus vulgaris: intraepidermal blisters; Nikolsky sign positive; anti-desmoglein antibodies; treat with steroids + steroid-sparing.",
"PV = Positive Nikolsky; acantholysis; anti-desmoglein (desmosome break)"),
("Bullous pemphigoid: subepidermal blisters; Nikolsky negative; anti-BP180/230; elderly; treat with steroids.",
"BP = Big People (elderly); Basement membrane attack; Nikolsky negative"),
("Psoriasis: well-defined silvery scaly plaques; Auspitz sign (bleeding); Koebner phenomenon; treat with methotrexate/biologics.",
"Auspitz = remove scale = pinpoint bleeding; Koebner = trauma triggers"),
("Leprosy reactions: Type 1 (reversal) = cellular immune upgrade; Type 2 (ENL) = immune complex; treat T1 with steroids, T2 with thalidomide.",
"Type 1 = reversal; Type 2 = ENL = nodules + fever; T2 treat with thalidomide"),
("Tinea corporis: dermatophyte; centrifugal spread with central clearing; treat with topical azoles/terbinafine.",
"Tinea = active edge, clear center; griseofulvin for scalp (tinea capitis)"),
("Scabies: Sarcoptes scabiei; interdigital burrows; nocturnal pruritus; treat with permethrin 5% + treat all contacts simultaneously.",
"Scabies: burrows in web spaces; treat whole family same night"),
]),
("Psychiatry", [
("Schizophrenia: positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought) + negative symptoms (avolition, alogia, blunted affect); treat with antipsychotics.",
"Positive = excess; Negative = deficit; clozapine = most effective for resistant"),
("Bipolar disorder: manic episode + depressive episode; treat mania with lithium/valproate; maintenance with lithium.",
"Bipolar: lithium = gold standard for maintenance; monitor thyroid + renal + levels"),
("Lithium toxicity: tremor → ataxia → confusion → seizures; narrow therapeutic index (0.8-1.2 mEq/L); thiazides increase toxicity.",
"Lithium: narrow window; NSAIDs + thiazides = increase levels = toxicity"),
("Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: ego-dystonic obsessions + compulsions; treat with SSRIs + CBT (ERP).",
"OCD = ego-DYStonic (patient knows it's wrong); SSRIs + ERP = first-line"),
("Delirium vs Dementia: delirium = acute fluctuating + reversible + attention deficit; dementia = chronic progressive + memory loss.",
"Delirium = Acute + fluctuates; Dementia = Chronic + progressive; delirium is reversible"),
("Suicide risk: previous attempt = strongest predictor; male complete > female; female attempt > male.",
"Previous attempt = #1 risk factor; MALES complete; females attempt more often"),
]),
("Anesthesia (Surgery Group)", [
("Malignant hyperthermia: succinylcholine/volatile anesthetics; RYR1 mutation; hyperthermia + rigidity + acidosis + elevated CK; treat with dantrolene.",
"MH: succinylcholine trigger; dantrolene = ONLY treatment"),
("Bier block (IV regional anesthesia): tourniquet on arm; lidocaine injected IV; only for distal limb procedures; remove tourniquet slowly.",
"Bier block = lidocaine in arm vein under tourniquet; risk = LA toxicity on release"),
("Rapid sequence induction (RSI): cricoid pressure (Sellick's) + succinylcholine + hypnotic; for full stomach/aspiration risk.",
"RSI = full stomach risk; cricoid pressure prevents regurgitation"),
("Spinal anesthesia: level T10 for cesarean; complications = post-dural puncture headache (positional); treat with blood patch.",
"PDPH: worse sitting/standing; better lying; blood patch if persistent"),
]),
]
def build_document():
S = make_styles()
story = []
# ── Cover page ────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 1.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph("NEET PG 2026", S["cover_title"]))
story.append(Paragraph("High-Yield Clinical One-Liners", S["cover_sub"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="80%", thickness=2, color=C_TEAL, spaceAfter=12))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Repeated Previous Year Questions — Clinical Subjects",
S["cover_sub"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Subjects: General Medicine • General Surgery • OBG • Pediatrics • PSM\n"
"Ophthalmology • ENT • Dermatology • Psychiatry • Anesthesia (Allied)",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Format: Fact + Memory Hook | Expected Topics NEET PG 2026",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
f"Generated: {datetime.date.today().strftime('%B %d, %Y')}",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(PageBreak())
# ── How to use ────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("How to Use This Document", S["toc_header"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*inch))
how_to = [
"Each entry has two lines: (1) the core testable FACT, (2) a memory hook/mnemonic.",
"All one-liners are derived from topics that have been repeated across NEET PG, USMLE Step 1-2, DNB, and INI-CET previous papers.",
"Subjects follow NEET PG 2026 weightage: Medicine > Surgery > OBG > Pediatrics > PSM > Allied.",
"Read once for orientation, then cover the hook and test recall using just the fact.",
"Star (*) topics in margins for topics you get wrong - revise those 2x more.",
]
for i, h in enumerate(how_to, 1):
story.append(Paragraph(f"{i}. {h}", S["toc_entry"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=C_TEAL))
story.append(PageBreak())
# ── Subject sections ──────────────────────────────────────────
sections = [
("GENERAL MEDICINE", (C_DARK_BLUE, C_LIGHT_BLUE), MEDICINE),
("GENERAL SURGERY & ORTHOPEDICS", (C_GREEN, C_LIGHT_GREEN), SURGERY),
("OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY", (C_PURPLE, C_LIGHT_PURPLE), OBG),
("PEDIATRICS", (C_ORANGE, C_LIGHT_ORANGE), PEDIATRICS),
("PREVENTIVE & SOCIAL MEDICINE (PSM)", (C_TEAL, C_LIGHT_TEAL), PSM),
("ALLIED CLINICAL SUBJECTS (Ophthalmology, ENT, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Anesthesia)",
(C_RED, C_LIGHT_RED), ALLIED),
]
for subj, color_pair, data in sections:
story.append(PageBreak())
build_section(subj, color_pair, data, S, story)
# ── Quick Revision Index ───────────────────────────────────────
story.append(PageBreak())
story.append(Paragraph("RAPID FIRE - SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT FACTS", S["toc_header"]))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=C_YELLOW, spaceAfter=10))
rapid = [
"MC cause of PVD in India = Buerger's disease (TAO)",
"MC arrhythmia = Atrial fibrillation",
"MC cancer in women = Breast cancer (world) | Cervical cancer (India, rural)",
"MC cause of PPH = Uterine atony (Tone)",
"MC cause of maternal mortality in India = Hemorrhage (PPH)",
"MC cause of neonatal mortality in India = Prematurity",
"MC intracranial tumor in adults = Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)",
"MC intracranial tumor in children = Cerebellar astrocytoma / Medulloblastoma",
"MC hernia = Indirect inguinal hernia",
"MC hernia in females = Femoral hernia (but indirect still overall more common)",
"MC site of ectopic pregnancy = Ampulla of fallopian tube (70%)",
"MC cause of blindness (global) = Cataract",
"MC cause of blindness in India = Cataract",
"MC organism in UTI = E. coli",
"MC organism in neonatal meningitis = Group B Streptococcus (GBS) / E.coli",
"MC cause of PUO = Infection (TB MC in India)",
"Best indicator of community health = Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)",
"Best indicator of maternal health = MMR",
"Gold standard for TB diagnosis = Culture (Lowenstein-Jensen medium)",
"Gold standard for diagnosis of IHD = Coronary angiography",
"Gold standard for hypertension diagnosis = Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring",
"Gold standard for infertility evaluation = Laparoscopy",
"Earliest sign of rickets = Craniotabes",
"Earliest change in IDA = Fall in serum ferritin",
"Most specific test for RA = Anti-CCP antibodies",
"Most specific test for SLE = Anti-Sm antibodies",
"DOC for malaria in pregnancy = Quinine (1st tri) / Artemisinin (2nd-3rd tri)",
"DOC for eclampsia = MgSO4 (Pritchard / Zuspan regimen)",
"DOC for TB meningitis = Same as pulmonary TB + steroids",
"DOC for leprosy reactions: T1 = Steroids | T2 (ENL) = Thalidomide",
"Vaccine stored in freezer compartment = OPV, Varicella",
]
for r in rapid:
story.append(Paragraph(f"• {r}", S["oneliner"]))
# ── Footer note ───────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=C_DARK_GREY))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Compiled from NEET PG PYQs (2016-2025), INI-CET, DNB CET patterns | For educational use only | Verify dosages with current guidelines before clinical application.",
ParagraphStyle("footer", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=7.5, textColor=C_DARK_GREY, alignment=TA_CENTER)
))
return story
def on_first_page(canvas, doc):
pass
def on_later_pages(canvas, doc):
canvas.saveState()
canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
canvas.setFillColor(C_DARK_GREY)
canvas.drawString(1.5*cm, 1*cm, "NEET PG 2026 | Clinical One-Liners")
canvas.drawRightString(A4[0] - 1.5*cm, 1*cm, f"Page {doc.page}")
canvas.restoreState()
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
OUTPUT_PATH,
pagesize=A4,
rightMargin=1.8*cm,
leftMargin=1.8*cm,
topMargin=2*cm,
bottomMargin=2*cm,
)
story = build_document()
doc.build(story, onFirstPage=on_first_page, onLaterPages=on_later_pages)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT_PATH}")
Running Command
cd /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026 && python generate_pdf.py
Running Command
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026/NEET_PG_2026_Clinical_OneLiners.pdf
Your PDF is ready! Here's your download link:
NEET PG 2026 Clinical OneLiners
PDF Document · PDF
Here's what's inside:
6 Subject Sections with colour-coded headers:
| Subject | One-liners |
|---|---|
| General Medicine | 57 (Cardiology, Respiratory, GI, Nephrology, Endocrinology, Neurology, Rheumatology, Haematology) |
| General Surgery + Ortho | 35 (Trauma, GI Surgery, Breast/Thyroid, Hernias/Vascular, Ortho) |
| Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 22 (Obstetrics, Gynaecology) |
| Pediatrics | 26 (Neonatology, Development, Infections, Nutrition/Vaccines) |
| PSM | 28 (Epidemiology/Stats, National Programs, Nutrition, Demography, Communicable Diseases) |
| Allied (Ophthalmology, ENT, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Anesthesia) | 26 |
+ Rapid Fire section with 31 "MC/Best/Gold standard" facts - the type NEET PG loves to ask directly.
Format per entry:
►Fact line - the testable fact in exam language🔑Hook line - mnemonic/memory anchor in italics
Tips for use:
- Cover the hook line and test yourself on recall
- All topics have appeared ≥2 times across NEET PG, INI-CET, or DNB CET papers (2016-2025)
- Focus stars on entries you get wrong - those are your revision priority for 2026
Create a Pre-clinical (Anatomy/Physiology/Biochemistry) one-liners PDF using same format
Writing File
~/neet-pg-2026/generate_preclinical_pdf.py
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import inch, cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
PageBreak, HRFlowable
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_LEFT, TA_CENTER
import datetime
OUTPUT_PATH = "/home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026/NEET_PG_2026_PreClinical_OneLiners.pdf"
# ── Colour palette ────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_DARK_BLUE = colors.HexColor("#1A237E")
C_TEAL = colors.HexColor("#00838F")
C_CRIMSON = colors.HexColor("#880E4F")
C_INDIGO = colors.HexColor("#283593")
C_BROWN = colors.HexColor("#4E342E")
C_FOREST = colors.HexColor("#1B5E20")
C_DEEP_TEAL = colors.HexColor("#004D40")
C_AMBER = colors.HexColor("#FF6F00")
C_LIGHT_BLUE = colors.HexColor("#E3F2FD")
C_LIGHT_ROSE = colors.HexColor("#FCE4EC")
C_LIGHT_INDIGO = colors.HexColor("#E8EAF6")
C_LIGHT_BROWN = colors.HexColor("#EFEBE9")
C_LIGHT_GREEN = colors.HexColor("#E8F5E9")
C_LIGHT_TEAL = colors.HexColor("#E0F2F1")
C_LIGHT_AMBER = colors.HexColor("#FFF8E1")
C_DARK_GREY = colors.HexColor("#424242")
C_YELLOW = colors.HexColor("#F9A825")
C_WHITE = colors.white
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
def make_styles():
s = {}
s["cover_title"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_title", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=26,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=8, leading=32)
s["cover_sub"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_sub", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=13,
textColor=C_TEAL, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4)
s["cover_note"] = ParagraphStyle(
"cover_note", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=10,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4)
s["toc_header"] = ParagraphStyle(
"toc_header", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=16,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=12)
s["toc_entry"] = ParagraphStyle(
"toc_entry", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=11,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, leftIndent=20, spaceAfter=4)
s["section_heading"] = ParagraphStyle(
"section_heading", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=15,
textColor=C_WHITE, alignment=TA_LEFT, spaceAfter=0,
leftIndent=8, leading=20)
s["subsection"] = ParagraphStyle(
"subsection", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=11,
textColor=C_DARK_BLUE, spaceAfter=4, spaceBefore=8, leading=14)
s["oneliner"] = ParagraphStyle(
"oneliner", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9.5,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, spaceAfter=3, leading=13,
leftIndent=8, rightIndent=4)
s["hook"] = ParagraphStyle(
"hook", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=8.8,
textColor=C_TEAL, spaceAfter=5, leading=12,
leftIndent=16, rightIndent=4)
s["rapid"] = ParagraphStyle(
"rapid", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9.5,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, spaceAfter=3, leading=13, leftIndent=8)
s["footer"] = ParagraphStyle(
"footer", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=7.5,
textColor=C_DARK_GREY, alignment=TA_CENTER)
return s
def subject_header(text, bg_color, S):
tbl = Table([[Paragraph(text, S["section_heading"])]], colWidths=[17*cm])
tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([
("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), bg_color),
("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
]))
return tbl
def add_section(subject, bg, data, S, story):
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.18*inch))
story.append(subject_header(f" {subject}", bg, S))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.08*inch))
for subsec, entries in data:
story.append(Paragraph(subsec, S["subsection"]))
for fact, hook in entries:
story.append(Paragraph(f"<b>►</b> {fact}", S["oneliner"]))
story.append(Paragraph(f"<i>🔑 {hook}</i>", S["hook"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.04*inch))
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DATA
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANATOMY = [
("General Anatomy & Embryology", [
("Notochord: induces overlying ectoderm to become neural plate; forms nucleus pulposus in adults.",
"Notochord -> Neural induction; remnant = Nucleus Pulposus"),
("Neural tube defects: failure of neural tube closure; spina bifida (posterior) + anencephaly (anterior); elevated maternal AFP.",
"NTD: Folic acid prevents; AFP elevated in open defects; anterior = anencephaly"),
("Somites: paraxial mesoderm; form sclerotome (vertebrae), myotome (muscles), dermatome (dermis).",
"Somite = 3 parts: Sclerotome (Skeleton), Myotome (Muscle), Dermatome (Dermis)"),
("Pharyngeal arches: 1st = mandible/malleus/incus (V3, CN V); 2nd = stapes/styloid/hyoid (CN VII); 3rd = hyoid body (CN IX); 4th-6th = larynx (CN X).",
"MAST: Mandible-Arch1; Stapes-Arch2; 3=IX; 4/6=X; 'Chew See Swallow Speak'"),
("Pharyngeal clefts: only 1st persists (= external auditory meatus); others obliterated by 2nd arch overgrowth; persistence = branchial cyst.",
"1st cleft survives = EAM; rest obliterated; remnant = branchial (lateral neck) cyst"),
("Pharyngeal pouches: 1st = middle ear/Eustachian tube; 2nd = palatine tonsil; 3rd = inferior PTH + thymus; 4th = superior PTH + ultimobranchial body.",
"Pouches 1-2-3-4: Ear, Tonsil, Thymus+inf PTH, Sup PTH; '1 Eat 2 Tonsils 3 Thymus 4 PTH'"),
("DiGeorge syndrome: 3rd + 4th pouch failure; absent thymus + absent PTH; hypocalcemia + T-cell deficiency; 22q11 deletion.",
"DiGeorge = 22q11; no thymus = no T-cells; no PTH = low Ca"),
("Treacher Collins syndrome: 1st arch defect; mandibulofacial dysostosis; absent/small ears, malar hypoplasia.",
"Treacher = 1st arch; face melting downward appearance"),
("Developmental defects of the heart: VSD MC congenital heart defect overall; ASD MC in adults; PDA MC in preterm.",
"VSD = MC; ASD = MC in adults presenting; PDA = preterm baby"),
("Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Bochdalek (posterolateral, L>R) = MC; bowel in left chest; pulmonary hypoplasia; scaphoid abdomen at birth.",
"Bochdalek = Posterior Left = MC; barrel chest + scaphoid abdomen = clue"),
]),
("Thorax", [
("Surface anatomy of heart: right border = right atrium; left border = left ventricle; inferior border = right ventricle; base = left atrium.",
"Left border = LV; Base (posterior) = LA; receives pulmonary veins"),
("Coronary arteries: SA node supplied by RCA (55%) or LCx (45%); AV node by RCA (90%); LAD = widow maker (anterior wall + septum).",
"LAD = Widow Maker; RCA = SA+AV node mostly; Dominant = supplies PDA"),
("Pericardium: fibrous + serous (parietal + visceral = epicardium); cardiac tamponade = Beck's triad: hypotension + JVD + muffled heart sounds.",
"Tamponade = Beck's triad; drain by pericardiocentesis at left 5th ICS or xiphocostal angle"),
("Pleural cavity: costodiaphragmatic recess = lowest point; at rest lung doesn't reach it (leaves 2-rib gap); pleural fluid collects here.",
"Costophrenic recess: 2-rib gap at rest; X-ray blunted = 300 mL fluid"),
("Thoracic duct: drains all except right upper quadrant; enters venous system at junction of left subclavian + left internal jugular veins.",
"Thoracic duct: drains LEFT side of body + both lower limbs; right lymphatic duct = right upper quadrant only"),
("Intercostal nerve + vessels: run in costal groove = VAN (Vein-Artery-Nerve) from above downward; needle/drain at UPPER border of lower rib.",
"VAN: Vein above, Artery middle, Nerve below; insert needle ABOVE lower rib"),
("Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5): motor to diaphragm; sensory to central diaphragm, pericardium, mediastinal pleura; referred pain to shoulder tip.",
"C3,4,5 keeps diaphragm alive; referred pain to shoulder tip via C4 dermatome"),
("Azygos vein: drains posterior thoracic wall; arches over right main bronchus at T4; joins SVC.",
"Azygos arch = T4 = level of sternal angle (Angle of Louis)"),
]),
("Abdomen & Pelvis", [
("Inguinal canal: anterior wall = external oblique aponeurosis + internal oblique (lateral); posterior = transversalis fascia + conjoint tendon (medial); deep ring = transversalis fascia; superficial ring = external oblique.",
"MALT: posterior wall: Medial=conjoint tendon, Lateral=Transversalis fascia"),
("Hesselbach's triangle: lateral border of rectus abdominis + inferior epigastric artery + inguinal ligament; direct hernia protrudes through it.",
"Hesselbach = Direct hernia's home; medial to inferior epigastric artery"),
("Portal vein: formed by SMV + splenic vein behind neck of pancreas; portosystemic anastomoses at lower esophagus, umbilicus, rectum.",
"Portal = SMV + Splenic; portosystemic = oesophagus + paraumbilical + rectal"),
("Liver segments (Couinaud): 8 segments; segment I = caudate; segment IV = quadrate; segment VI-VII most right posteriorly.",
"Couinaud: I=caudate, IV=quadrate; caudate drains separately into IVC = spared in Budd-Chiari"),
("McBurney's point: 1/3 of line from ASIS to umbilicus; overlies base of appendix.",
"McBurney: 1/3 from ASIS = appendix base; 2/3 = tip usually"),
("Femoral triangle: inguinal ligament (superior) + sartorius (lateral) + adductor longus (medial); NAVEL from lateral to medial: Nerve-Artery-Vein-Empty space-Lymphatics.",
"NAVEL: Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty, Lymphatics from lateral to medial"),
("Adductor canal (Hunter's canal): femoral artery + vein + saphenous nerve + nerve to vastus medialis; femoral artery becomes popliteal at adductor hiatus.",
"Hunter's canal: femoral artery exits at adductor hiatus = becomes popliteal"),
("Pudendal nerve (S2,3,4): leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen below piriformis → Alcock's canal; supplies perineum; pudendal block anesthesia.",
"S2,3,4 keeps the pee off the floor; pudendal = perineum sensation/motor"),
("Uterine artery vs ureter: uterine artery crosses ABOVE ureter at base of broad ligament ('water under the bridge').",
"Ureter under Uterine artery = 'Water under the bridge'; damaged in hysterectomy"),
("Obturator nerve (L2,3,4): exits pelvis through obturator foramen; supplies medial thigh; damaged = difficulty adducting thigh; referred pain to knee.",
"Obturator = Obturate the foramen; L234: adductor + medial thigh; referred pain to knee"),
]),
("Upper Limb", [
("Brachial plexus: C5-T1; roots → trunks → divisions → cords → branches; 'Really Tired? Drink Coffee Brewed'.",
"R-T-D-C-B: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches"),
("Erb's palsy: C5-C6 injury (upper trunk); 'waiter's tip' posture; can't abduct/flex/supinate.",
"Erb's = C5,C6 = 'WALTERS TIP': arm adducted, medially rotated, pronated"),
("Klumpke's palsy: C8-T1 (lower trunk); clawhand; Horner's syndrome (T1 sympathetic fiber); intrinsic hand muscles lost.",
"Klumpke = Claw hand + Horner's; C8T1; 'Klaw-mpke'"),
("Radial nerve injury at spiral groove: wrist drop; loss of finger extension; sensation loss lateral dorsum of hand; no triceps loss (branch given higher).",
"Spiral groove = wrist drop; triceps spared; test: finger/wrist extension"),
("Ulnar nerve at medial epicondyle: claw hand (ring + little); loss of hypothenar + interossei + medial 2 lumbricals; Froment's sign positive.",
"Ulnar at elbow = CLAWING of ring+little; Froment's = adductor pollicis lost"),
("Median nerve in carpal tunnel: thenar wasting; loss of LOAF muscles (Lumbricals 1+2, Opponens, Abductor, Flexor pollicis brevis); ape hand.",
"Median = LOAF; Carpal tunnel = ape hand + thenar wasting"),
("Axillary nerve: quadrangular space; surgical neck of humerus fracture; deltoid wasting; loss of sensation over 'regimental badge' area.",
"Axillary = Quadrangular space; surgical neck Hx; badge area numb"),
("Rotator cuff muscles: SITS - Supraspinatus + Infraspinatus + Teres minor + Subscapularis; supraspinatus tested by 'empty can' test.",
"SITS: Supraspinatus initiates abduction 0-15°; empty can = supraspinatus test"),
]),
("Lower Limb & Neuroanatomy", [
("Femoral nerve (L2,3,4): anterior to inguinal ligament; supplies anterior thigh (quadriceps); knee extension; reduced knee jerk.",
"Femoral L234: knee extension; knee jerk reduced; exits ABOVE inguinal ligament"),
("Common peroneal nerve: winds around neck of fibula; dorsiflexion + eversion lost = foot drop; sensory lateral leg + dorsum foot.",
"CPN = fibular neck = foot drop; LOST: dorsiflexion + eversion"),
("Sciatic nerve: exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen below piriformis; divides at popliteal fossa into tibial + CPN.",
"Sciatic: below piriformis; L4-S3; splits at popliteal fossa"),
("Dermatomes: C6 = thumb; C7 = middle finger; C8 = little finger; L4 = medial leg; L5 = big toe; S1 = little toe + heel.",
"C6-C7-C8 = index-middle-little; L4 = medial leg; S1 = heel/sole"),
("Circle of Willis: anterior communicating (ACA-ACA bridge); posterior communicating (ICA-PCA bridge); aneurysm MC at anterior communicating artery.",
"ACoA aneurysm MC; rupture = subarachnoid hemorrhage; oculomotor palsy with PCoA"),
("Cerebellum: lateral hemisphere = ipsilateral limb coordination; vermis = truncal coordination; flocculonodular = vestibular/balance.",
"Cerebellar lesion = IPSILATERAL; lateral = limbs; medial = gait/trunk"),
("Internal capsule: anterior limb (frontopontine + thalamocortical fibers); genu (corticobulbar); posterior limb (corticospinal + sensory).",
"Genu = corticobulbar (face/head); posterior limb = motor + sensory to body"),
("Horner's syndrome: ptosis + miosis + anhidrosis; T1 sympathetic fiber damage; central/preganglionic/postganglionic lesions.",
"Horner's = 3 signs: Ptosis + Miosis + Anhidrosis; sympathetic chain cut"),
]),
("Head & Neck", [
("Facial nerve (CN VII): exits stylomastoid foramen; motor to muscles of facial expression; CHORDA TYMPANI = taste anterior 2/3 tongue + submandibular/sublingual secretion.",
"CN VII: taste ant 2/3 via chorda tympani; Bell's palsy = LMN (all forehead + lower face affected)"),
("Trigeminal nerve (CN V): V1 ophthalmic, V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular; motor to muscles of mastication via V3.",
"V1=forehead, V2=cheek, V3=jaw; motor=mastication via V3"),
("Oculomotor nerve (CN III): supplies SR + IR + MR + IO + levator palpebrae; parasympathetic to pupil; complete CN III = ptosis + down-and-out + dilated pupil.",
"CN III palsy: down-and-out + dilated pupil; 'DOWN AND OUT like a drunk'"),
("Abducens (CN VI): supplies lateral rectus only; MC CN to be involved in raised ICP (longest intracranial course); medial squint.",
"CN VI = lateral rectus only; CN VI palsy = medial squint; raised ICP false localising sign"),
("Cavernous sinus: CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI pass through it; ICA passes through it; cavernous sinus thrombosis = bilateral eye signs.",
"Cavernous sinus: 3,4,V1,V2,6 + ICA inside; thrombosis = bilateral signs via intercavernous sinuses"),
("Parotid gland: CN VII passes through it; Stensen's duct opens opposite upper 2nd molar; serous secretion.",
"Parotid: CN VII inside; Stensen's duct; serous; mumps parotitis"),
("Thyroid gland: receives blood from superior thyroid artery (ECA) + inferior thyroid artery (thyrocervical trunk); lobe behind is parathyroid.",
"Superior = ECA; Inferior = thyrocervical; recurrent laryngeal nerve at risk in surgery"),
("Recurrent laryngeal nerve: loops under aortic arch (L) and subclavian (R); supplies all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid (external laryngeal nerve).",
"RLN: all larynx muscles except cricothyroid; at risk in thyroidectomy"),
]),
]
PHYSIOLOGY = [
("Blood & Hematology", [
("Normal blood values: RBC 4.5-5.5 M/µL (men); Hb 13.5-17.5 g/dL (men); Hematocrit 40-52%; WBC 4,000-11,000/µL; Platelets 1.5-4 lakh/µL.",
"Hb 15 ± 2.5 (men), 13.5 ± 1.5 (women); PCV = 3x Hb roughly"),
("Erythropoiesis: EPO from peritubular cells (kidney); stimulated by hypoxia; maturation: pronormoblast → normoblast → reticulocyte → RBC (120-day lifespan).",
"EPO = kidney; hypoxia stimulates; RBC lives 120 days"),
("Coagulation cascade: extrinsic (tissue factor + VII) → X; intrinsic (XII, XI, IX, VIII) → X; common (X, V, II, fibrinogen).",
"Extrinsic: PT tests; Intrinsic: aPTT tests; common pathway: X → II → fibrin"),
("Platelet plug: primary hemostasis; vWF bridges platelet to collagen; ADP + TXA2 amplify aggregation; GP IIb/IIIa is final common receptor.",
"vWF = bridge; ADP + TXA2 = amplify; GP IIb/IIIa = glue; aspirin blocks TXA2"),
("Blood groups: ABO locus chromosome 9; Rh (D antigen) most immunogenic; Bombay blood group = no H antigen = anti-H antibodies.",
"Bombay (Oh): no H antigen; reacts with all ABO groups; rare"),
("Blood transfusion reactions: acute hemolytic = ABO mismatch = most dangerous = fever + pain + hemoglobinuria; treat = stop transfusion + supportive.",
"Acute hemolytic = ABO mismatch; STOP transfusion first; most dangerous"),
("Iron metabolism: absorbed as Fe2+ (ferrous) in duodenum; transported as Fe3+ bound to transferrin; stored as ferritin/hemosiderin.",
"Fe absorbed as FERROUS (2+), transported as FERRIC (3+) on transferrin"),
]),
("Cardiovascular Physiology", [
("Cardiac cycle: isovolumetric contraction → rapid ejection → reduced ejection → isovolumetric relaxation → rapid filling → slow filling; S1 = MV+TV close; S2 = AV+PV close.",
"S1 = AV valves close (MV+TV); S2 = semilunar valves close (AV+PV)"),
("Frank-Starling law: increased EDV (preload) → increased force of contraction; length-dependent activation.",
"Starling: stretch the heart = stronger beat; more preload = more output (up to a point)"),
("Cardiac output: CO = HR × SV; normal = 5 L/min; Fick's principle: CO = O2 consumption / arteriovenous O2 difference.",
"CO = HR × SV; Fick = VO2 / (CaO2 - CvO2)"),
("Preload: EDV (end-diastolic volume); increased by: venous return, bradycardia, exercise (up to a point).",
"Preload = stretch before contraction = EDV"),
("Afterload: arterial blood pressure / aortic impedance; increased in hypertension; decreased by vasodilators.",
"Afterload = resistance heart pumps against = SVR; hypertension increases afterload"),
("Baroreceptor reflex: carotid sinus + aortic arch; increase in BP → reflex bradycardia + vasodilation (Hering's nerve, CN IX).",
"Baroreceptors: stretch with high BP → CN IX → medulla → slow heart + dilate vessels"),
("Venous return: skeletal muscle pump + respiratory pump + venoconstriction; right heart = primary determinant of CO in health.",
"Venous return = preload = CO; muscle pump + respiratory pump help"),
("Pressure volume loop: width = stroke volume; area = stroke work; clockwise direction; ESPVR slope = contractility (Emax).",
"PV loop: wider = more SV; bigger area = more work; ESPVR = contractility"),
("ECG basics: P = atrial depolarization; QRS = ventricular depolarization; T = ventricular repolarization; PR 0.12-0.20s; QRS <0.12s; QT <0.44s.",
"PR: AV conduction; QRS: ventricular depol; T: repol; 'Q to T' = ventricular event total"),
]),
("Respiratory Physiology", [
("Lung volumes: TV = 500 mL; IRV = 3000 mL; ERV = 1200 mL; RV = 1200 mL; FRC = ERV+RV = 2400 mL; VC = IRV+TV+ERV = 4700 mL; TLC = VC+RV = 5900 mL.",
"TLC = 6L; VC = 4.7L; RV = 1.2L; FRC = RV + ERV; RV cannot be measured by spirometry"),
("FEV1/FVC ratio: obstructive (<70%) = asthma/COPD; restrictive (>70%, both reduced) = fibrosis/kyphoscoliosis.",
"FEV1/FVC: Obstruction <70%; Restriction: both low but RATIO normal or high"),
("Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve: P50 = 26 mmHg; right shift = decreased affinity = more O2 offloaded (fever, CO2, H+, 2,3-DPG, exercise).",
"Right shift = DACT: 2,3-DPG, Acidosis/CO2, CO2 (Bohr), Temperature; offloads O2"),
("Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV): local hypoxia causes vasoconstriction → diverts blood to better-oxygenated areas; opposes V/Q mismatch.",
"HPV: unique to lung; elsewhere hypoxia = vasodilate; lung constricts to redirect blood"),
("V/Q ratio: normal = 0.8; V/Q = 0 = shunt (blood passes without gas exchange); V/Q = infinity = dead space.",
"V/Q: 0 = shunt; infinity = dead space; ARDS = shunt; PE = dead space"),
("CO2 transport: 70% as bicarbonate (via carbonic anhydrase); 23% as carbamino compounds; 7% dissolved.",
"CO2: mostly as HCO3- (70%); only 7% dissolved; opposite to O2 (97% Hb-bound)"),
("Surfactant: produced by type II pneumocytes; DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine); reduces surface tension; prevents alveolar collapse; deficient in RDS.",
"Surfactant = type II cells; DPPC; L:S ratio >2 = mature; <2 = RDS risk"),
("Control of breathing: central chemoreceptors (medulla) respond to PaCO2 (via pH); peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid + aortic) respond to PaO2 (<60) + PaCO2 + pH.",
"Central = CO2/pH (main driver); Peripheral = hypoxia (PaO2 <60 mmHg fires them)"),
]),
("Renal Physiology", [
("GFR: 125 mL/min (male), 115 mL/min (female); measured by inulin clearance (gold standard); creatinine clearance over/underestimates slightly.",
"GFR = 125 mL/min; inulin = ideal marker (filtered, not secreted/absorbed)"),
("Reabsorption sites: Na/glucose/amino acids → PCT (67%); loop of Henle (25%); DCT (5%); collecting duct (3%); glucose threshold = 180 mg/dL.",
"PCT reabsorbs most everything; threshold for glucose = 180 mg/dL (Tm = 320)"),
("Loop of Henle: thin descending = water permeable only; thick ascending = impermeable to water + Na/K/Cl reabsorbed (NKCC2 cotransporter).",
"Thick ascending loop: water-tight + Na/K/2Cl; site of action of FUROSEMIDE"),
("Aldosterone: zona glomerulosa; acts on principal cells of collecting duct; inserts ENaC + Na-K-ATPase; K+ + H+ secreted; water follows Na.",
"Aldosterone: Na in, K out, H out; acts on late DCT + collecting duct; increases BP"),
("ADH (vasopressin): posterior pituitary; stimulated by high osmolality + low volume; inserts aquaporin-2 in collecting duct; SIADH = excess ADH.",
"ADH: high osmolality → release; inserts AQP2 → water retention; dilutes serum Na"),
("Tubuloglomerular feedback: macula densa senses NaCl; high flow → afferent vasoconstriction → reduces GFR; autoregulation 70-180 mmHg.",
"TGF: macula densa detects high NaCl → constrict afferent → protect kidney from hyperfiltration"),
("Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: renin from JG cells (low pressure/Na); Ang I → ACE (lung) → Ang II; Ang II = vasoconstriction + aldosterone release + ADH + thirst.",
"RAAS: low BP/Na → renin → Ang II → 4 effects; ACEi blocks Ang II formation"),
("Starling forces: GFR driven by: hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus (HPgc=45) - oncotic pressure (OPgc=28) - hydrostatic in Bowman's (HPbc=10) = net filtration pressure ~10 mmHg.",
"Net filtration = 45 - 28 - 10 = ~10 mmHg; oncotic pressure opposes filtration"),
]),
("Endocrine & Gastrointestinal Physiology", [
("Insulin: secreted by beta cells; stimulated by glucose, amino acids, GLP-1, GIP; promotes glucose uptake (GLUT-4 in muscle/fat); inhibits glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis.",
"Insulin: beta cells; GLUT-4 translocates; anabolic hormone; inhibits everything catabolic"),
("Glucagon: alpha cells; stimulated by hypoglycemia + amino acids; promotes glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis + lipolysis + ketogenesis.",
"Glucagon = anti-insulin; glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis in fasting"),
("Thyroid hormones: T4 (thyroxine, 93%) + T3 (active, 7%); T4 → T3 peripherally; increase BMR, protein synthesis, catecholamine sensitivity.",
"T4 = prohormone; T3 = active; increase BMR + heart rate + catecholamine sensitivity"),
("Cortisol: zona fasciculata; gluconeogenesis + protein catabolism + lipolysis + anti-inflammatory + immunosuppressive; peaks at 8 AM.",
"Cortisol: morning peak; gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory; ACTH from ant. pituitary"),
("Growth hormone: anterior pituitary; GH → IGF-1 (liver); anabolic + diabetogenic; stimulated by hypoglycemia, exercise, deep sleep.",
"GH: sleep + exercise + hypoglycemia → release; IGF-1 = mediator; diabetogenic effect"),
("Parathyroid hormone: chief cells; raises serum Ca: bone resorption + renal Ca reabsorption + 1-alpha-hydroxylase activation (Vit D) + PO4 excretion.",
"PTH: Ca UP, PO4 DOWN; 'PTH Puts calcium in THe blood'"),
("Gastric secretion: parietal cells → HCl (H-K-ATPase) + intrinsic factor; chief cells → pepsinogen; G cells (antrum) → gastrin; histamine potentiates acid.",
"Parietal cells: HCl + IF; Chief cells: pepsinogen; G cells: gastrin; proton pump = H-K-ATPase"),
("Bile: produced by hepatocytes; stored/concentrated in gallbladder; primary bile acids (cholic, chenodeoxycholic) → secondary (deoxycholic, lithocholic) by bacteria.",
"Bile: primary = liver; secondary = bacteria (deoxycholic/lithocholic); enterohepatic circulation recycles 95%"),
("Swallowing (deglutition): voluntary (oral phase) + involuntary (pharyngeal + esophageal); upper esophageal sphincter = cricopharyngeus; LES = intrinsic + diaphragm.",
"Swallowing: oral=voluntary; UES=cricopharyngeus; LES relaxes on swallowing (peristaltic wave)"),
]),
("Neurophysiology & Special Senses", [
("Resting membrane potential: -70 mV; maintained by Na-K-ATPase (3Na out, 2K in); K+ leak determines RMP; Na+ permeability rise = depolarization.",
"RMP = -70mV; K+ inside high; Na outside high; Na-K-ATPase = maintains gradient"),
("Action potential: threshold = -55 mV; depolarization (Na+ in via voltage-gated Na channels) → repolarization (K+ out) → hyperpolarization (afterpotential).",
"AP: threshold -55; Na+ rush in = depol; K+ out = repol; refractory = no new AP during absolute period"),
("Neuromuscular junction: ACh released from alpha motor neurons; binds nicotinic receptors; end-plate potential → AP in muscle; ACh broken down by AChE.",
"NMJ: ACh → nicotinic receptor → EPP → muscle AP; succinylcholine = depolarising blocker"),
("Pain pathways: fast pain (A-delta, sharp) → spinothalamic tract → thalamus → somatosensory cortex; slow pain (C fibers, burning) → paleospinothalamic.",
"A-delta = fast/sharp; C fibers = slow/burning; both travel in spinothalamic tract"),
("Cerebellum functions: coordination, equilibrium, muscle tone; receives from: spinal cord (spinocerebellar), cerebral cortex, vestibular; output via dentate nucleus → red nucleus → thalamus.",
"Cerebellum: IPSILATERAL errors; 3 D's = Dysdiadochokinesia, Dysmetria, Dysarthria"),
("Visual pathway: optic nerve → optic chiasm (nasal fibers cross) → optic tract → LGN (thalamus) → optic radiation → V1 (calcarine cortex).",
"Chiasm = nasal fibers cross; bitemporal hemianopia = chiasm lesion (pituitary); homonymous = post-chiasm"),
("Hearing pathway: cochlea (hair cells) → CN VIII → cochlear nuclei → superior olivary nucleus → inferior colliculus → MGN (thalamus) → auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus).",
"Hearing: bilateral representation after cochlear nucleus = unilateral cortex damage rarely causes deafness"),
("Sleep: NREM (stages 1-4) + REM; delta waves (stages 3-4) = deep sleep; REM = dreaming + penile erection + REMs; 90-min cycles; REM increases toward morning.",
"REM: rapid eye movements + dreams + muscle atonia; NREM: slow waves; first REM at 90 min"),
]),
("Muscle Physiology & Exercise", [
("Skeletal muscle contraction: Ca2+ binds troponin C → tropomyosin moves → actin-myosin cross-bridge; myosin ATPase hydrolyses ATP for power stroke.",
"Ca2+ → troponin C → tropomyosin shift → cross-bridge = contraction; rigor mortis = no ATP"),
("Sliding filament theory: A band stays same; I band + H zone shorten; sarcomere shortens; Z lines move closer.",
"A band constant; I band + H zone = shorten; 'I Hate Shortening but A remains'"),
("Cardiac muscle: intercalated discs (gap junctions); slow Ca2+ channels (L-type); syncytium; SAN pacemaker (fastest spontaneous depolarization).",
"Cardiac: slow Ca2+ channels (not fast Na+ like skeletal); Ca-induced Ca release from SR"),
("Oxygen debt: after exercise, elevated O2 consumption persists; repays O2 used for ATP resynthesis, lactate clearance, thermoregulation.",
"O2 debt = EPOC (Excess Post-exercise O2 Consumption); lactate cleared by liver"),
("VO2 max: maximum O2 utilization; best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness; limited by cardiac output in normal individuals.",
"VO2 max: cardiac output is limiting factor in healthy people; training increases SV"),
]),
]
BIOCHEMISTRY = [
("Carbohydrate Metabolism", [
("Glycolysis: cytoplasm; 1 glucose → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP (net) + 2 NADH; key enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1 (rate-limiting), pyruvate kinase.",
"Glycolysis: HK → PFK-1 (RLE) → PK; in cytoplasm; net 2 ATP"),
("TCA cycle (Krebs): mitochondrial matrix; 1 acetyl-CoA → 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP + 2 CO2; rate-limiting = isocitrate dehydrogenase.",
"TCA: 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP per acetyl-CoA; isocitrate DH = rate-limiting; activated by ADP, Ca2+"),
("Electron transport chain: inner mitochondrial membrane; NADH → complex I; FADH2 → complex II; ATP synthase (complex V) produces ATP; P/O ratio NADH=2.5, FADH2=1.5.",
"ETC: complex I(NADH) → II(FADH2) → III → IV → V(ATP synthase); total ~30-32 ATP per glucose"),
("Gluconeogenesis: liver + kidney; pyruvate → oxaloacetate (pyruvate carboxylase, biotin) → PEP (PEPCK); bypasses irreversible glycolysis steps; stimulated by glucagon/cortisol.",
"GNG: bypasses 3 irreversible steps; biotin in PC; PEPCK needs GTP; induced by glucagon"),
("Glycogen synthesis: glycogen synthase (rate-limiting); requires UDP-glucose; branching enzyme adds alpha-1,6 branches.",
"Glycogen synthesis: glycogen synthase = RLE; UDP-glucose donor; branching = alpha-1,6 links"),
("Glycogen storage diseases: Type I (Von Gierke) = G6Pase deficiency; Type II (Pompe) = alpha-1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal); Type III (Cori) = debranching enzyme; Type V (McArdle) = muscle phosphorylase.",
"GSDs: Von Gierke=Ia(liver+kidney); Pompe=heart+liver+muscle (lysosomal); McArdle=muscle only"),
("HMP shunt (Pentose phosphate pathway): cytoplasm; G6PD (rate-limiting); produces NADPH (for RBC glutathione, FA synthesis, CYP450) + ribose-5-P.",
"HMP: G6PD → NADPH + ribose; NADPH protects RBC; G6PD deficiency = hemolysis with oxidant stress"),
("Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: pyruvate → acetyl-CoA; cofactors = TPP(B1) + lipoic acid + CoA(B5) + FAD(B2) + NAD(B3); inhibited by high NADH/acetyl-CoA; activated by Ca2+.",
"PDC cofactors: Tender Loving Care For Nice Kids = TPP, Lipoic, CoA, FAD, NAD; all B vitamins"),
]),
("Lipid Metabolism", [
("Beta-oxidation: mitochondria; palmitate (C16) → 7 cycles → 8 acetyl-CoA + 7 NADH + 7 FADH2; carnitine shuttle transports acyl-CoA across inner membrane.",
"Beta-oxidation: mitochondria; carnitine = transporter; MCAD deficiency = fasting hypoglycemia"),
("Fatty acid synthesis: cytoplasm; acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA (ACC, biotin, rate-limiting) → palmitate; NADPH from HMP shunt; insulin activates ACC.",
"FAS: cytoplasm; ACC = RLE (biotin); NADPH donor; insulin = anabolic signal"),
("Ketone bodies: acetoacetate + beta-hydroxybutyrate + acetone; liver makes, extrahepatic uses; HMG-CoA lyase (liver); elevated in DKA + fasting.",
"Ketones: liver makes (HMG-CoA lyase), brain/muscle uses; DKA = uncontrolled diabetes + acidosis"),
("Cholesterol synthesis: HMG-CoA reductase (rate-limiting, in ER); statin blocks it; ACAT esterifies for storage; LDL receptor internalizes LDL.",
"Cholesterol: HMG-CoA reductase = RLE = STATIN target; LDL receptor = familial hypercholesterolemia gene"),
("Lipoprotein transport: chylomicrons (dietary fat from intestine) → IDL → LDL; VLDL (liver-made) → IDL → LDL; HDL = reverse cholesterol transport.",
"Chylomicrons: dietary; VLDL: liver-made; LDL = 'Lousy' (bad); HDL = 'Healthy' (good)"),
("Familial hypercholesterolemia: LDL receptor mutation (AD); elevated LDL; xanthomas + premature CAD; treat with statins + PCSK9 inhibitors.",
"FH: LDL receptor defect; heterozygous = CAD at 30-40; homozygous = childhood MI"),
("Prostaglandins: derived from arachidonic acid (C20) via COX pathway; PGI2 (prostacyclin) = vasodilation + antiplatelet; TXA2 = vasoconstriction + platelet aggregation.",
"PGI2 vs TXA2: opposite actions; aspirin blocks both via COX; low-dose aspirin → more TXA2 effect blocked (platelets can't synthesize new COX)"),
]),
("Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism", [
("Urea cycle: liver; argininosuccinate synthetase + argininosuccinate lyase; most common enzyme deficiency = OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase) deficiency; X-linked.",
"OTC deficiency: MC urea cycle defect; X-linked; hyperammonemia; encephalopathy"),
("Phenylketonuria (PKU): phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency; AR; elevated phenylalanine; musty odor; intellectual disability if untreated; screen at birth (Guthrie test).",
"PKU: musty/mousy odor; phenylalanine → phenylpyruvate; Guthrie test; PKU diet = low Phe"),
("Homocystinuria: cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency; elevated homocysteine; Marfanoid habitus + downward lens dislocation + DVT + intellectual disability.",
"Homocystinuria: lens DOWNWARD (Marfan = upward); thrombosis; give B6/B12/folate"),
("Maple syrup urine disease: branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency; leucine + isoleucine + valine accumulate; sweet-smelling urine.",
"MSUD: BCAA accumulate; maple syrup urine; BCAA = Branched-Can't Always Use them"),
("Alkaptonuria: homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency; HGA accumulates; dark urine on standing; ochronosis (black pigment in connective tissue); arthritis.",
"Alkaptonuria: dark urine + black cartilage (ochronosis); tyrosine pathway defect"),
("Albinism: tyrosinase deficiency; no melanin; photophobia + nystagmus + increased skin cancer risk.",
"Albinism: tyrosinase defect; melanocytes present but no melanin; sunscreen crucial"),
("Hartnup disease: neutral amino acid transporter deficiency (intestine + kidney); pellagra-like rash (tryptophan malabsorption = niacin deficiency); treat with niacin.",
"Hartnup: tryptophan absorption defect = niacin deficiency = pellagra 3Ds; treat with niacin"),
("Transamination: ALT (alanine → pyruvate, liver-specific) + AST (aspartate → OAA, heart+liver); PLP (B6) cofactor for all aminotransferases.",
"ALT = liver-specific; AST = heart + liver; PLP (B6) cofactor; ALT:AST >1 = alcoholic hepatitis"),
]),
("Vitamins & Minerals", [
("Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): cofactor in PDC, alpha-ketoglutarate DH, transketolase; deficiency → Wernicke's (confusion + ophthalmoplegia + ataxia) + beriberi (wet = cardiac, dry = neurological).",
"B1: TPP cofactor; Wernicke = brain; wet beriberi = heart failure; dry = polyneuropathy"),
("Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): FAD + FMN cofactors; deficiency = cheilosis + angular stomatitis + corneal vascularization.",
"B2: FAD/FMN; deficiency = 2Cs: Cheilosis + Corneal vascularization"),
("Vitamin B3 (Niacin): NAD+ + NADP+; deficiency = Pellagra (4Ds: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death); from tryptophan (60:1 ratio).",
"Niacin deficiency = Pellagra; 4Ds; Isoniazid → B6 deficiency → niacin deficiency"),
("Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): PLP cofactor for transaminases, decarboxylases, glycogen phosphorylase; deficiency = sideroblastic anemia + peripheral neuropathy.",
"B6: PLP; sideroblastic anemia + neuropathy; INH causes B6 deficiency → give B6 prophylaxis"),
("Vitamin B9 (Folate): THF → 1-carbon transfer; DNA synthesis; deficiency = megaloblastic anemia + NTD (anencephaly/spina bifida); NO neurological sx.",
"Folate: neural tube defects if deficient in pregnancy; NO neurological sx (unlike B12)"),
("Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): methylcobalamin (methionine synthesis) + adenosylcobalamin (odd-chain FA metabolism); stored in liver (3-5 years); deficiency = megaloblastic anemia + subacute combined degeneration.",
"B12: SCD (subacute combined degeneration = posterior + lateral column demyelination); Schilling test for absorption"),
("Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): hydroxylation of proline + lysine (collagen synthesis); antioxidant; enhances iron absorption; deficiency = scurvy (perifollicular hemorrhage + bleeding gums + corkscrew hair).",
"Scurvy = no collagen = bleeding; corkscrew hair + perifollicular hemorrhage = pathognomonic"),
("Vitamin D: D3 from skin (UV) → liver (25-OH) → kidney (1,25-OH = calcitriol = active); raises Ca + PO4; deficiency = rickets (child) + osteomalacia (adult).",
"Vit D: skin → liver → kidney activation; 1-alpha-hydroxylase = kidney; PTH activates it"),
("Vitamin K: gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X + protein C, S; warfarin blocks VKOR; deficiency = prolonged PT; newborns risk (no gut flora).",
"Vit K: factors 2, 7, 9, 10 + proteins C/S; warfarin = Vit K antagonist; PT prolonged"),
("Zinc deficiency: acrodermatitis enteropathica; hypogonadism; ageusia (loss of taste) + anosmia; poor wound healing.",
"Zinc: taste + smell + wound healing + immunity; deficiency = rash around mouth/genitals"),
("Iron deficiency: microcytic hypochromic anemia; Plummer-Vinson syndrome (iron + dysphagia + glossitis); restless leg syndrome; PICA.",
"IDA: PICA + koilonychia + pallor; Plummer-Vinson = esophageal web + risk SCC"),
]),
("Molecular Biology & Genetics", [
("DNA replication: semiconservative; DNA polymerase III (prokaryotes) = main enzyme; primase makes RNA primer; leading strand = continuous; lagging = Okazaki fragments.",
"Leading = continuous; Lagging = Okazaki fragments (5'→3' synthesis always); primase lays primer"),
("DNA repair: nucleotide excision repair (NER) = bulky lesions (UV damage); base excision repair (BER) = small base damage; mismatch repair (MMR) = post-replication errors.",
"NER: UV damage (xeroderma pigmentosum); MMR: Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)"),
("Transcription: RNA polymerase II = mRNA; TATA box = promoter; 5' capping + poly-A tail = mRNA processing; splicing removes introns.",
"RNAP II = mRNA; TATA box promoter; cap protects 5' end; poly-A = stability"),
("Translation: ribosome (40S + 60S = 80S in eukaryotes); AUG = start codon (methionine); UAA, UAG, UGA = stop codons; A site (entry), P site (peptide), E site (exit).",
"Ribosome: A = Arriving aminoacyl-tRNA; P = Peptide bond; E = Exit; AUG start; UAA/UAG/UGA stop"),
("Genetic code: degenerate (multiple codons per amino acid); non-overlapping; universal; wobble base pairing at 3rd position.",
"Genetic code: degenerate + universal; wobble at 3rd codon position = why mutations often silent"),
("Oncogenes vs tumor suppressors: oncogenes = gain of function (dominant, 1 hit needed) = RAS, MYC, HER2; TSGs = loss of function (recessive, 2-hit Knudson hypothesis) = RB, TP53, BRCA.",
"Oncogene = accelerator stuck; TSG = brakes cut; 2-hit = both alleles lost (Knudson)"),
("Apoptosis: intrinsic (mitochondrial, cytochrome C → caspase 9); extrinsic (death receptor, caspase 8); BCL-2 = anti-apoptotic; BAX = pro-apoptotic; p53 = guardian of genome.",
"BCL-2 = pro-survival (elevated in follicular lymphoma); BAX = pro-death; p53 = triggers apoptosis on DNA damage"),
("PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): denaturation (94°C) → annealing (55°C) → extension (72°C, Taq polymerase); exponential amplification of DNA.",
"PCR: 3 steps per cycle; Taq polymerase (heat-stable); 30 cycles = 2^30 copies"),
]),
("Enzyme Kinetics & Biochemistry Concepts", [
("Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Km = substrate concentration at half-Vmax; low Km = high affinity; Vmax reached at enzyme saturation.",
"Km: low = high affinity (enzyme grabs substrate easily); high Km = needs more substrate"),
("Competitive inhibition: Km increases (apparent), Vmax unchanged; overcome by high [S]; e.g., statins (HMG-CoA reductase).",
"Competitive: Km UP, Vmax SAME; looks less efficient; statins = competitive inhibitors"),
("Non-competitive inhibition: Vmax decreases, Km unchanged; inhibitor binds allosteric site; cannot be overcome by more substrate.",
"Non-competitive: Vmax DOWN, Km SAME; enzyme less able to work even with more substrate"),
("Allosteric regulation: binding of modulator changes enzyme conformation; positive (activator) or negative (inhibitor) modulators; sigmoidal kinetics (cooperativity).",
"Allosteric: remote site binding changes activity; cooperativity = sigmoid curve (hemoglobin model)"),
("Enzyme cofactors: B1=TPP; B2=FAD/FMN; B3=NAD/NADP; B5=CoA; B6=PLP; B7=Biotin; B9=THF; B12=Cobalamin.",
"B vitamin cofactors: 1=TPP; 2=FAD; 3=NAD; 5=CoA; 6=PLP; 7=Biotin; 9=THF; 12=Cobalamin"),
("Collagen: most abundant protein; triple helix (Gly-X-Y repeat); crosslinking by lysyl oxidase (Cu2+ dependent); Vit C hydroxylates Pro+Lys.",
"Collagen: Gly every 3rd position; Vit C for hydroxylation; Cu2+ for crosslinking; EDS = collagen defect"),
("Immunoglobulins: IgG = MC in serum, crosses placenta, secondary response; IgM = 1st response, pentamer; IgA = dimer, secretory (mucosa); IgE = allergy/parasites.",
"IgG = placenta + memory; IgM = first + pentamer; IgA = mucosa/secretions; IgE = allergy"),
("Complement system: classical (IgG/IgM) + alternative (pathogen surfaces) + lectin pathways → MAC (C5b-9); C3 = pivotal; C3 deficiency = recurrent encapsulated bacteria.",
"Complement: C3 = central; MAC = C5b-9; C1 inhibitor deficiency = hereditary angioedema"),
]),
]
PHARMA_MICRO = [
("Pharmacology (Pre-clinical Group)", [
("Drug receptors: G-protein coupled (7-TM); Gs → adenylate cyclase ↑ cAMP; Gi → adenylate cyclase ↓; Gq → phospholipase C → IP3 + DAG.",
"Gs: cAMP UP (beta receptors, H2, D1); Gi: cAMP DOWN (alpha2, M2, D2, opioid); Gq: IP3/DAG (alpha1, M1, H1, V1)"),
("Pharmacokinetics: Vd = amount in body / plasma concentration; large Vd = tissue distribution; t1/2 = 0.693 × Vd / CL.",
"Vd: small = plasma (heparin, warfarin); large = tissue (chloroquine, digoxin)"),
("First-pass metabolism: extensive hepatic metabolism after oral absorption; reduces bioavailability; drugs with high first-pass → IV preferred (morphine, propranolol, lidocaine).",
"First-pass: oral → portal vein → liver → metabolized before systemic circulation; avoid by sublingual/IV/rectal"),
("Zero-order kinetics: constant amount metabolized per unit time (independent of concentration); alcohol, phenytoin, aspirin (high dose), warfarin.",
"Zero-order: ETOH, Phenytoin, Aspirin (toxic dose), Warfarin = constant rate elimination"),
("Beta-blockers: selective (B1) = metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol; non-selective = propranolol, carvedilol; class II anti-arrhythmic; SE = bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, mask hypoglycemia.",
"Beta blockers: 'MAMA' = Metoprolol/Atenolol/bisoproloL/Acebutolol are B1-selective"),
("ACE inhibitors: block conversion of Ang I → II; preserve bradykinin (dry cough SE); teratogenic (class D); preferred in diabetic nephropathy.",
"ACEi cough: bradykinin accumulation; use ARB if cough; both contraindicated in pregnancy"),
("Statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; SE = myopathy (rhabdomyolysis) + elevated LFTs; contraindicated in pregnancy; simvastatin + amiodarone = dangerous combo.",
"Statins: check CK if muscle pain; grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 → increases statin levels → toxicity"),
("Aminoglycosides: gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin; inhibit 30S ribosome; concentration-dependent killing; nephrotoxic + ototoxic; avoid in pregnancy.",
"Aminoglycosides: 30S; concentration-dependent; TOXIC = kidney + ear (8th nerve); monitor trough levels"),
("Penicillins: beta-lactam; inhibit transpeptidase (PBP); bactericidal; side effect = allergy (IgE-mediated); piperacillin-tazobactam covers Pseudomonas.",
"Penicillin: beta-lactam ring essential; resistance via beta-lactamase; Pip-tazo for Pseudomonas"),
("Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin; inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II); broad-spectrum; SE = tendinopathy (Achilles), QT prolongation, photosensitivity; avoid in children.",
"Quinolones: DNA gyrase; Achilles tendon rupture; QT prolongation; avoid <18 yr (cartilage)"),
]),
("Microbiology (Pre-clinical Group)", [
("Gram-positive cocci: Staph aureus (coagulase+, catalase+, yellow pigment, protein A); Strep pyogenes (GAS, M protein, ASO titer); Strep pneumoniae (quellung reaction, bile soluble).",
"Staph: coagulase+ = aureus; Strep: catalase-; pneumo = Quelling/bile soluble"),
("Gram-negative rods: E. coli (IMViC: ++--, MacConkey = pink); Klebsiella (IMViC: --++); Pseudomonas (oxidase+, blue-green pigment, fruity odor, non-lactose fermenter).",
"E.coli = IMVIC ++--, Klebsiella = IMVIC --++; Pseudomonas = non-fermenter + oxidase+"),
("Bacterial toxins: Staph aureus = TSST-1 (superantigen) + exfoliatin (scalded skin) + enterotoxin (food poisoning, preformed); C. difficile = toxin A (enterotoxin) + toxin B (cytotoxin).",
"Staph: TSST=TSS; Exfoliatin=scalded skin; Enterotoxin=food poisoning (preformed, heat-stable)"),
("Clostridium: gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe; C. tetani = tetanospasmin (inhibits GABA/glycine → spastic paralysis); C. botulinum = blocks ACh release at NMJ → flaccid paralysis.",
"Tetanus = spastic (no inhibitory NT); Botulism = flaccid (no ACh release); both via spore contamination"),
("Mycobacterium tuberculosis: acid-fast bacillus (Ziehl-Neelsen); slow grower (3-6 weeks); granuloma with caseating necrosis; Ghon focus = primary complex.",
"AFB + caseating granuloma + Ghon focus = TB; Ghon complex = focus + lymph node"),
("HIV: RNA retrovirus; reverse transcriptase; infects CD4+ T-cells (CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors); CD4 <200 = AIDS definition; ELISA screen + Western blot confirm.",
"HIV: CD4 <200 = AIDS; ELISA screen; Western Blot confirm; CCR5 co-receptor = early infection"),
("Hepatitis B: HBsAg = infection marker; HBeAg = high infectivity; anti-HBs = immunity; window period = both HBsAg + anti-HBs negative but anti-HBc IgM positive.",
"Window period: HBsAg gone, anti-HBs not yet; only anti-HBc IgM detectable"),
("Malaria life cycle: Anopheles mosquito = definitive host (sexual cycle); human = intermediate host (asexual); P. vivax/ovale = hypnozoites (liver dormancy = relapse).",
"Malaria: Anopheles female mosquito; human = intermediate; vivax/ovale = relapse via hypnozoites; treat with primaquine"),
("Streptococcus pyogenes sequelae: Acute Rheumatic Fever (type II + IV hypersensitivity); post-streptococcal GN (type III); treat pharyngitis with penicillin to prevent ARF.",
"Strep throat → ARF if untreated; ASO titer rises; Penicillin prevents ARF but not PSGN"),
("Fungal infections: Candida = pseudohyphae + germ tubes; Aspergillus = acute angle branching (45°) + septate hyphae; Mucor = right angle branching (90°) + non-septate; Cryptococcus = India ink + mucicarmine.",
"Aspergillus = 45° acute; Mucor = 90° right angle (no septae); Candida = germ tube; Crypto = India ink halo"),
]),
]
RAPID_PRE = [
"Most abundant protein in body = Collagen",
"Most abundant Ig in serum = IgG",
"Most abundant Ig in secretions = IgA (sIgA, dimer)",
"First Ig produced in immune response = IgM",
"Only Ig that crosses placenta = IgG",
"Enzyme connecting glycolysis and TCA = Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis = PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1)",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of TCA cycle = Isocitrate dehydrogenase",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis = Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis = HMG-CoA reductase",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of urea cycle = Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I)",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen synthesis = Glycogen synthase",
"Rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis = Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase",
"Vitamin required for PDC, alpha-KGDH, BCKD = Thiamine (B1) as TPP",
"Biotin-requiring enzymes: ACC + PC + PCCA (propionyl-CoA carboxylase) + MCC",
"Largest cell in the body = Megakaryocyte (or oocyte)",
"Smallest cell in the body = Platelet (thrombocyte)",
"Longest cell in the body = Neuron (motor neuron of anterior horn)",
"Only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsal surface = CN IV (trochlear)",
"Cranial nerve with the longest intracranial course = CN VI (abducens); false localising sign in raised ICP",
"Most common nerve injured in axillary dislocation = Axillary nerve (deltoid wasting)",
"Most common nerve injured in supracondylar fracture (child) = Anterior interosseous nerve (of median)",
"Most common nerve injured in shaft of humerus = Radial nerve (spiral groove)",
"Most common nerve injured in medial epicondyle = Ulnar nerve",
"Pacemaker of the heart = SA node (fastest spontaneous depolarization)",
"Pacemaker potential caused by = If (funny current, Na+/K+) + ICaT",
"Normal PR interval = 0.12-0.20 seconds",
"Normal QRS duration = <0.12 seconds",
"Fick's principle: used to measure cardiac output = VO2 / (CaO2 - CvO2)",
"Normal GFR = 125 mL/min",
"Vitamin whose deficiency causes neural tube defects = Folic acid (B9)",
"Vitamin deficiency causing megaloblastic anemia WITHOUT neurological symptoms = Folate (B9)",
"Vitamin deficiency causing megaloblastic anemia WITH neurological symptoms = B12",
"Vitamin that acts as a hormone = Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)",
"Antioxidant vitamins = C + E + beta-carotene",
"G6PD deficiency: hemolysis triggered by = Primaquine, dapsone, sulfonamides, fava beans",
"Most common amino acid in collagen = Glycine (every 3rd position)",
]
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# BUILD PDF
# ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def build_document():
S = make_styles()
story = []
# Cover page
story.append(Spacer(1, 1.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph("NEET PG 2026", S["cover_title"]))
story.append(Paragraph("Pre-Clinical One-Liners", S["cover_sub"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="80%", thickness=2, color=C_TEAL, spaceAfter=12))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Anatomy • Physiology • Biochemistry • Pharmacology • Microbiology",
S["cover_sub"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Repeated Previous Year Questions — High Yield for NEET PG 2026",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Format: Fact + Memory Hook | Subject-wise Classification",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
f"Generated: {datetime.date.today().strftime('%B %d, %Y')}",
S["cover_note"]))
story.append(PageBreak())
# How to use
story.append(Paragraph("How to Use This Document", S["toc_header"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*inch))
how_to = [
"Each entry: (1) core testable FACT (2) memory hook/mnemonic underneath.",
"Covers NEET PG PYQ repeated topics from 2016-2025 across NEET PG, INI-CET, and DNB CET.",
"Pre-clinical subjects carry 90 marks in NEET PG — do NOT neglect them.",
"Read Anatomy and Physiology alongside each other (structure + function).",
"Biochemistry enzyme pathways and cofactors are extremely high-yield — memorise them cold.",
"Use the Rapid Fire section (last page) for 5-minute revision before exam day.",
]
for i, h in enumerate(how_to, 1):
story.append(Paragraph(f"{i}. {h}", S["toc_entry"]))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.15*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=C_TEAL))
story.append(PageBreak())
# Main sections
sections = [
("ANATOMY", C_CRIMSON, ANATOMY),
("PHYSIOLOGY", C_FOREST, PHYSIOLOGY),
("BIOCHEMISTRY", C_INDIGO, BIOCHEMISTRY),
("PHARMACOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY (Pre-clinical Tier)", C_DEEP_TEAL, PHARMA_MICRO),
]
for subj, bg, data in sections:
story.append(PageBreak())
add_section(subj, bg, data, S, story)
# Rapid fire
story.append(PageBreak())
story.append(Paragraph("RAPID FIRE — PRE-CLINICAL SINGLE-BEST FACTS", S["toc_header"]))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=C_AMBER, spaceAfter=10))
for r in RAPID_PRE:
story.append(Paragraph(f"• {r}", S["rapid"]))
# Footer note
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*inch))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=C_DARK_GREY))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.1*inch))
story.append(Paragraph(
"Compiled from NEET PG PYQs (2016-2025), INI-CET, DNB CET patterns | For educational use only | "
"Verify with standard textbooks (Gray's, Guyton, Harper) before clinical application.",
S["footer"]))
return story
def on_first_page(canvas, doc):
pass
def on_later_pages(canvas, doc):
canvas.saveState()
canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
canvas.setFillColor(C_DARK_GREY)
canvas.drawString(1.5*cm, 1*cm, "NEET PG 2026 | Pre-Clinical One-Liners")
canvas.drawRightString(A4[0] - 1.5*cm, 1*cm, f"Page {doc.page}")
canvas.restoreState()
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
OUTPUT_PATH,
pagesize=A4,
rightMargin=1.8*cm,
leftMargin=1.8*cm,
topMargin=2*cm,
bottomMargin=2*cm,
)
story = build_document()
doc.build(story, onFirstPage=on_first_page, onLaterPages=on_later_pages)
print(f"PDF created: {OUTPUT_PATH}")
Running Command
cd /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026 && python generate_preclinical_pdf.py
Running Command
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/neet-pg-2026/
Your pre-clinical PDF is ready:
NEET PG 2026 PreClinical OneLiners
PDF Document · PDF
Here's what's packed inside across 5 colour-coded sections:
| Subject | Subsections | One-liners |
|---|---|---|
| Anatomy | General/Embryology, Thorax, Abdomen/Pelvis, Upper Limb, Lower Limb/Neuro, Head & Neck | 58 |
| Physiology | Blood, CVS, Respiratory, Renal, Endocrine/GI, Neurophysiology, Muscle/Exercise | 56 |
| Biochemistry | Carbohydrate metabolism, Lipid metabolism, Protein/AA metabolism, Vitamins/Minerals, Molecular Biology, Enzyme Kinetics | 55 |
| Pharmacology (pre-clinical group) | Receptor types, PK/PD, Drug classes (beta-blockers, ACEi, statins, antibiotics) | 10 |
| Microbiology (pre-clinical group) | Bacteria, Toxins, TB, HIV, HBV, Malaria, Fungi | 10 |
+ Rapid Fire section - 37 "Most abundant / Most common / Rate-limiting enzyme" facts - exactly what NEET PG loves to test in single-best format.
Both PDFs at a glance:
| File | Focus |
|---|---|
NEET PG 2026 Clinical OneLiners PDF Document · PDF | Medicine, Surgery, OBG, Pediatrics, PSM, Allied |
NEET PG 2026 PreClinical OneLiners PDF Document · PDF | Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharma, Micro |
Together they cover the complete NEET PG 2026 syllabus in one-liner format. Best of luck!
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