This is a cytology preparation of a cervical sample processed as a ThinPrep Pap smear and imaged by brightfield light microscopy. The right-hand field shows epithelial squamous cells with HPV cytopathic effect (koilocytosis): enlarged, irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei with coarse chromatin, a distinct perinuclear halo, and cytoplasmic clearing; accompanying cytoplasm is often dense and well delineated. The left-hand field displays morphologically normal squamous epithelial cells with uniform nuclei and minimal cytoplasmic clearing, serving as a normal comparator. The sample originates from the cervical transformation zone, where squamous metaplasia occurs; the specimen includes groups of discohesive and cohesive cells arranged in sheets and clusters. Pap staining yields a bluish to green-blue cytoplasm and prominent nuclear detail, enabling assessment of nuclear size, contour, and chromatin pattern. In HPV infection, koilocytosis reflects viral cytopathic effect and is considered a surrogate marker for oncogenic HPV infection; its presence warrants clinical follow-up with HPV typing and cytologic/beyond screening assessment. Clinically, the image is relevant for education, illustrating hallmark cytologic changes used in screening programs, differential diagnoses for squamous cell atypia, and potential progression to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This dual-field photograph aids learners in recognizing contrast between infected and normal epithelium, cytoplasmic maturation, and nuclear irregularity in a single view.

Conventional cervical cytology Pap smear demonstrates opportunistic yeast colonization consistent with Candida species. The primary cellular component comprises intermediate and superficial squamous cells within clusters, with abundant oval budding yeast forms measuring approximately 1–2 μm. Prominent pseudohyphae extend from yeast structures and appear eosinophilic with uneven staining on the cytology smear. A robust neutrophilic inflammatory background accompanies the fungal elements, reflecting active fungal infection and acute inflammatory response. The yeast forms are small, round to ovoid, with smooth contours and budding patterns; the accompanying pseudohyphae appear as elongated filamentous structures, often terminating in small buds. The appearance is diagnostic of Candida infection in vaginal/cervical cytology and can be seen in vulvovaginal candidiasis, cervicitis, or secondary colonization in patients with recent antibiotic exposure or immunocompromise. Consider differential diagnoses that can mimic yeast elements on Pap stain include other yeasts such as Saccharomyces and nonpathogenic contaminants, but the presence of true pseudohyphae and budding yeast strongly favors Candida. Clinically, these findings should prompt correlation with symptoms such as pruritus, discharge, and risk factors like diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, or immune suppression, and guide antifungal therapy decisions. Follow-up cytology or microbiology cultures may be used to determine species.

Imaging modality: Conventional cervical cytology (Pap smear) analyzed by light microscopy after Papanicolaou staining. Primary subject: an HSV-induced cytopathic change in cervical squamous epithelium, demonstrated as a multinucleated giant cell with characteristic intranuclear inclusions. Anatomical localization: cervix, transformation zone, squamous epithelium of the lower genital tract. Visual features: a large, rounded cell with abundant cytoplasm, multiple molded nuclei, marginated chromatin, and dense eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry type A). A perinuclear halo and nuclear molding are evident; nuclei tend to crowd together but do not fully overlap. Background typically contains neutrophils or inflammatory cells. Staining accentuates the eosinophilic nuclear inclusions and the halo, enabling recognition of HSV cytopathic effect. Pathological interpretation: cytopathic effects consistent with active herpes simplex virus infection of cervical epithelium (HSV cervicitis). Diagnostic significance: supports clinical suspicion of herpetic cervicitis; guides antiviral therapy and infection control; may prompt confirmatory testing (HSV PCR or viral culture). Differential considerations: cytomegalovirus infection (owl's eye inclusions) can mimic in some respects but shows solitary cells with distinct intranuclear inclusions; koilocytes from HPV are different. Clinical correlation: correlate with symptoms (dysuria, vaginal discharge, genital ulcers) and pregnancy status. Educational relevance: classic cytology example of HSV infection on Pap smear. Reproducible educational reference material.

This medical image displays four panels (A, B, C, and D) illustrating Pap smear cytology samples from the Herlev database, used for medical machine learning research. The original clinical photograph (A) shows a single cervical cell with a distinct, darkly stained, round red nucleus and a surrounding lighter pink cytoplasm. Panels B, C, and D demonstrate various data augmentation techniques applied to the original image to improve neural network training. These include geometric transformations such as horizontal and vertical shifts, rotation, zooming, and shearing. There are also visible modifications in color saturation. These panels are used to teach computer vision models to recognize cellular features regardless of orientation or positioning, which is critical for the automated screening of cervical cancer and identifying dysplastic changes in columnar cells.

This educational diagram illustrates the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer categorized by their hormone receptor and HER2 status. At the top, a sagittal anatomical schematic of the breast shows a localized mass, which leads to a central node representing tumor classification. From this node, five distinct pathways branch to define specific subtypes: 1) Luminal A (HR+, ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-); 2) Luminal B (HR+, ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+/-); 3) Normal-like (HR+, ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-); 4) HER2-enriched (HER2+); and 5) Triple negative (HR-, ER-, PR-, HER2-). A legend defines the abbreviations used: HR (Hormone Receptor), ER (Estrogen Receptor), PR (Progesterone Receptor), and HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2). This infographic is designed for medical education, aiding in the understanding of oncology classification, prognostic factors, and the immunohistochemical markers that guide clinical management in breast pathology.

This diagnostic comparison chart displays MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry average spectra for breast cancer classification. The figure contains four subplots (A-D) showing 'Absolute Intensity' on the y-axis against 'm/z' (mass-to-charge ratio) on the x-axis, ranging from 700 to 3150. Subplot (A) compares Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive (green) and negative (orange) samples; (B) compares Progesterone Receptor (PR) positive (green) and negative (orange); (C) shows HER2 positive (green) and negative (orange); and (D) compares Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) (green) and luminal subtypes (orange). Visually, the spectra are characterized by dense peptide peaks in the lower m/z range (700-1750), with intensity diminishing at higher mass ranges. Notable differential peak intensities are observed in the ER-positive and luminal groups compared to their counterparts, particularly around 1050 m/z. This educational material demonstrates the use of molecular profiling to identify distinctive peptide signatures associated with breast cancer receptor status and molecular subtypes.

This medical infographic illustrates the complex landscape of biomarkers and cellular components involved in breast cancer diagnosis, classification, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The diagram is divided into three functional sections. The 'Diagnostic and Classification' area lists critical tumor markers including EpCAM, HER2, ER, PR, Ki67, and PD-L1. The 'Molecular Subtypes' section provides specific biomarker profiles for Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 Positive, and Triple Negative breast cancers, detailing the expression status of ER, PR, Her2, Ki67, EGFR, and CK. The 'Tumor Microenvironment' section displays various infiltrating immune cells and their associated surface markers: Regulatory T cells (Treg: TCR, PD-1, TIM-3), Natural Killer cells (NK: TIM-2, LAG3, TIGIT), B Cells (CD19, CD20), Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL: FAS, PD-1), Dendritic Cells (DC: CD80/86, MHC), Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC: PD-L1, TGF-β), and Macrophages (MP: CD163, CD206, VEGF). This visual summary highlights the integrated approach needed for personalized oncology and immunotherapy selection.

Educational medical graphic comparing breast cancer subtypes via a distribution chart and diagnostic ultrasound imaging. Panel (a) is a pie chart showing the prevalence of molecular subtypes: Luminal A (LA, 37.8%), Luminal B (LB, 36.8%), HER2-enriched (12.5%), and Triple-Negative (TN, 12.9%). Panels (b–e) present diagnostic ultrasound images illustrating characteristic features for each: (b) Luminal A (LA) subtype displaying a distinct hyperechoic halo and significant posterior acoustic shadowing; (c) Luminal B (LB) subtype demonstrated via color Doppler showing internal vascularity; (d) HER2-enriched subtype showing internal punctate calcifications and posterior acoustic enhancement; (e) Triple-Negative (TN) subtype presenting as an oval-shaped mass with a micro-lobulated margin. This comparison highlights how B-mode and Doppler ultrasound features such as margin morphology, echogenic boundary, and posterior acoustic phenomena vary across breast cancer molecular classifications, aiding in radiological-pathological correlation.